Chapter1213

Question 1

Encomiendas & Encomenderos (524)

Answer 1

What: A system in which the Spanish government granted conquistadors the rights to own a certain number of Native Americans. Encomenderos were just the people who were granted these rights.
Where: Americas
When: Late 1400s and abolished in 1720
—————————————-
• System symbolized European assumption of superiority over natives
• Led to much abuse, and played a more important role in overall resentment of Europeans in the long term.
• Ties into statebuilding and expansion because the government expanded rights over these natives

Question 2

Aztec Society (525)

Answer 2

What: Society created by ascendant Mexicans which grew after 1430s and expanded to incorporate neighboring peoples. Many small states that were united under one leader. Attacked by the Conquistadors.
Where: Mesoamerica, Mexico
When: Expanded after 1430s
————————
• Important center that enables trade to thrive
• Wealth signified differences in European society and mesoamerica, and also led to the inevitable greed of Spanish
• Location of many important battles and power grabs, tying into theme of statebuilding and expansion.

Question 3

New Spain (530)

Answer 3

What: Essentially just the Aztec society’s new name after it was commanded by Hernan Cortes, the conquistador. Had many encomiendas and expeditions to new Mexican lands.
Where: Mexico
When: Established in 1522
——————
• Symbolizes rise of Spanish power and influence as a result of expansion into mesoamerica
• Taught many lessons to the spanish about how to create effective conquests
• Theme of kingdoms because Cortes tried to establish a new one for Spain

Question 4

Colombian Exchange (531)

Answer 4

What: A metaphorical transfer between the Europeans and the Incas. The Europeans learned of many new types of vegetables, including squash, while the Incas got smallpox and were almost wiped out.
Where: Andes regions
When: Around the 1530s onwards
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• Led to almost 90% of Inca death in some areas
• Signified unfair bargain for the Incas
• Metaphor for European conquest
• Ties into theme of demographics and disease because the exchange was of disease.

Question 5

Smallpox (530)

Answer 5

What: The deadly disease spread to the Incas by Europeans that swept down trade routes from Mesoamerica into Andes. Killed vast amounts of Incas.
Where: Andes
When: 1530s
———————————–
•Led to rapid decline in Inca and native population
• Many leaders ended up dying from this disease
• Theme of demographics and disease because that is precisely what smallpox was.

Question 6

Ecological Imperialism (533)

Answer 6

What: The process by which the environment was devastated by foreign conquistadors who attempted to settle in Mesoamerica through their destruction of natural forests and introduction of foreign species.
Where: Americas
When: 15-16th centuries
————————
• Led to continuing destruction of the environment.
• Many species became endangered or extinct as a result of Spanish activities
• Symbolized Spanish conquest of Americas
• Theme of humans and the environment because it was being destroyed

Question 7

Silver (513)

Answer 7

What: A commodity that was traded from the Chinese and the Europeans, and was necessary for the Chinese economy as a standard for the currency.
Where: China, Europe, Philippines
When: 1600s onwards
———————————–
• Sparked global trade between Euope, Japan, and China, who got Chinese commodities in exchange for silver.
• Led to greater integration and relation of the two regions
• Became the significant commodity in the Chinese economy, bringing wealth to production areas.
• Theme of commerce

Question 8

Great Ming (546)

Answer 8

What: The name for the Ming Dynasty, which expanded rapidly after the fall of the Mongols, and was replaced by the Qing. Led many reforms in the state including civil examination systems.
Where: China
When: 1300s - 1600s
——————————
• Oversaw a rapid population expansion and enables Chiense dominance in size.
• Many reforms led to greater wealth and power of the country
• Allowed a urban shift of the population, creating a more commercial society.
• Theme of state-building and expansion

Question 9

Matteo Ricci (547)

Answer 9

Who: A jesuit missionary who was astounded by Chinese capital of Nanjing and described its grandeur as incomparable.
Where: Nanjing
When: 1600
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•Represented European amazement at Chinese grandeur.
• Highlights differences of wealth
• Theme of Arts and architecture because this is what most likely dazzled Ricci

Question 10

Qing Values (581)

Answer 10

What: A system of requirements in China under the Qing Rulers that required many conservative actions such as a dress code and shaved head for men, and no women entertainment.
Where: China
When: 1700s
————————————
•Changed Chinese social norms, shifting to a very conservative system
• Highlights differences of freedom among various dynasties and even countries
• Led to some peasant revolts
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 11

Canton System (583)

Answer 11

hat: A system of guilds created by Chinese traders, also known as the Cohong, that established monopolistic control of certain industries.
Where: Canton, China
When: Under the Qing, in 1700s
———————————-
• Led to the monopolization of the country and the eventual decline of free trade and open market economics.
• Did not allow European activity in Chinese market, and thus slowly reduced this trade
• Theme of economic systems

Question 12

Habsburg Dynasty (538)

Answer 12

What: An Austrian family that provided many emperors for many generations of rulers, including Maximilian I and Charles V. Maintained domination over central Europe.
Where: Throughout Europe
When: from the 1270s- present day
————————
• Led to significant line of rulership, and many of the decisions and wars were a result of this family.
• Symbolizes power held by just one line through Europe
• Theme of Statebuilding and expansion

Question 13

Francis Drake (538)

Answer 13

Who: Famous raider from England who was commissioned to plunder Spanish wealth. Attacked spanish galleons and ports, stealing vast treasures
Where: England, Spain, Atlantic ocean
When: between 1577 and 1580
—————————–
• Success symbolized English power above Spain,and led to many conflicts since
• Caused insecurity of trade in the Atlantic
• Theme of Trade and Commerce

Question 14

Martin Luther (539)

Answer 14

Who: German monk who established Protestantism by the claim of salvation by faith alone. Denounced corruption of the church
Where: Germany
When: 1483-1546
———————————
• Protestantism became the largest force rivaling Catholicism, and led to many followers and also brutal conflicts.
• Effect of setting a chain of Protestant religions and reformist movements
• Theme of religions

Question 15

Protestantism (539)

Answer 15

What: Religion created by Martin Luther that undermined Catholicism and pronounced the bible as the sole source of truth.
Where: Established in Germany, spread
When: Created in 1517
—————————-
•Led to the Reformist Movements and also led to a new moral foundation for community life
• Made many communities and regions resentful to Catholic influences and rule
• Theme of religionsProtestantism (539)

Question 16

Sugarcane (558)

Answer 16

What: A commodity grown in the New World and brought back to Europe that was used to sweeten foods. It was overused and led to epidemic tooth decay.
Where: Europe
When: Most importing between 1690 and 1790
—————————————-
• Led to major health problems, and highlights ignorance of health issues in Europe
• Popularity increased the demand for New World products and trade
• Theme of trade and commerce

Question 17

Mercantilism (558)

Answer 17

What: A system developed by a French economist that presumed that the world’s wealth was fixed and money was power. Rested on alliance between state and merchants.
Where: Created in Europe
When: Coined in 1763
——————
• Influenced policies and methods of trade for centuries
• Led to creation of guilds and chartered companies like the VOC (East India Company)
• Theme of Economic Expansion

Question 18

VOC (559)

Answer 18

What: The Dutch East India Company created by the English in an effort for mercantilism. Specialized in trade and territory management.
Where: Based in England
When: Created in 1599
————————————–
• Represents British Effort for increased mercantilism through chartered companies
• Led to increased trade with territories
• Theme of commerce and trade

Question 19

Fluitschips (591)

Answer 19

What: Special Dutch ships that could carry heavy, bulky, cargoes and aided long distance and regional trade.
Where: Netherlands
When: 1600s
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• Eventually led to a significant lowering of costs for shipping because they were small and did not require many crew members
• Easier trade increased trade
• Theme of trade and commerce

Question 20

Crop Rotation (592)

Answer 20

What: A system used by the Europeans that alternated the growing of wheat, clover, barley, turnips to keep nutrients in the soil, and had crop year round.
When: Used around the 1600s in Europe
Where: Europe
————————–
• Allowed extra crop production, which expanded agricultural efficiency of European farmers
• More trade and less starvation.
• Led to increased support of the population
• Theme of Humans and the environment

Question 21

Seven Years’ War (594)

Answer 21

What: A massive world war that was fought in many different parts of the world, including Britain, US, Spain, India
Where: Britain, US, Spain, India
When: 1756-1763
—————————–
• Britich victory highlighted triumph over the French and Spanish
• Represented first time any war was fought on different hemispheres
• Theme of statebuilding

Question 22

Witches (542)

Answer 22

What: Women who were persecuted by the Catholics and protestants. Mostly, old and young women who were accused of sorcery and tortured or hanged.
Where: Throughout Europe
When: Between 1500 and 1700s
——————————
• Singifies brutality of these kingdoms
• Symbolizes power of religious words, because everyone began to believe that they were witches
• Theme of gender relations

Question 23

Society of Jesus (541)

Answer 23

What: A brotherhood of priests created by a former soldier named Ignatius Loyola, who blieved in the revival of the Catholic Church.
Where: Based in Lisbon, Rome, Paris, but had missions throughout Asia
When: Created in 1540
—————————-
• Exemplified Catholic attempts at revival after massive Reformation movements from Protestants
• Group is still massive today, and is an influential organization
• Led to the Expansion of Catholicism
• Theme of Religions

Question 24

Gunpowder (518)

Answer 24

What: Explosive powder used in guns and cannons that changed warfare permanently. Used by the Ottomans and even the Chinese.
Where: Used throughout Afro-Eurasia
When: Created in 1170s, used heavily throughout 15th century by the Ottomans
————————–
• Led to the permanent change of warfare by enabling long distance warfare.
• Availability led to increased use of guns and cannons
• Theme of warfare

Question 25

Sao Tome, Principe, Fernando Po (519)

Answer 25

What: Three important islands off the West African coast which were taken over by the Portuguese and contained important fortresses and ports.
Where: Off the west coast of Africa
When: Became active in the 1400s
————————–
• Led to Africa become a valued trading area by enabling the easy transport of sugarcane
• Also led to an increase in slave labor in the region by being a trading hotspot
• Theme of economic expansion because of heavy trade

Question 26

Vasco De Gama (522)

Answer 26

Who: First Portuguese mariner to reach the Indian ocean. Commanded four ships around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497.
Where: Portugal
When: Lived 1469 - 1547
—————————————-
• Significant because he led to the increase in European economic activity in India, by conquering and dominating South India violently.
• Established Portuguese supremacy by mutilating Indians, and thus ties into social relations.
• Theme of trade and commerce because he encountered vast trading networks.

Question 27

The Cartaz (523)

Answer 27

Who: Involved merchants and protector ships
What: A fleet which protected merchant ships and also enforced taxes
Where: Portugal
When: 16th century
——————————————————————
The significance of the cartaz was as a contributing cause to the sea-domination that the Portuguese were experiencing during the 16th century. Considering the fact that they not only monopolized goods, but also fought of pirates and built port cities everywhere, the Portuguese were able to control such a vast zone and expand their horizons on trade. The cartaz falls under the theme of economic systems.

Question 28

Ekpe (567)v

Answer 28

Who: Slave capturers
What: Secret system/organization that allowed for the capturing and transport of slaves
Where: Africa
When: 17th century
——————————————————————-
The significance of the Ekpe was as a cause of a bustling slave-trade taking place in Africa. This slave trade that substantially built the African economy relied on the Ekpe’s to provide the slave traders with slaves, essentially allowing for the importance of the Ekpe’s to skyrocket and as they succeeded in capturing slaves, so did the slave traders along with the whole economy. This falls under the theme of Economic Systems.

Question 29

Slavery’s Gender Imbalance (570)

Answer 29

What: The havoc with sex ratios created by the expansion of the slave trade into the Americas. Only 1/3 were women, and 10% were children. Made it difficult for slaves to reproduce.
Where: Africa
When: First issues noticeable in 17th century
————————————
• Led to inevitable changes in political structure, where vast majority of women in Africa began to gain more political clout.
• Also led to the establishment of the queen mother role
• Theme of gender relations

Question 30

Metis

Answer 30

•Who: Fur-traders married with native americans
•What: Consolidated social status and culturally unified themselves with the Native americans
•When: 18th Century
•Where: New world
——————————————————————-
•mutual economic and social benefit for both the Native Americans as well as the fur traders. By working together in producing and selling fur, and brokering between the two groups, the metis were able to hold a strong social status and lead to economic development through the success of the trade between the parties. This falls under the theme of Economic Systems.

Question 31

Sugarcane

Answer 31

Who: Worked on by slaves
What: Plant which profited slave-owners
Where: Carribean
When: 18th and 19th Century
——————————————————–
The significance of sugarcane plantations was as a sudden cause of slave rebellions. As slaves lost hope and faced the tragedies of working continuously under harsh conditions, they resorted to any possible means including escape, revolting, and other ways of resistance to essentially fight of their inevitable death on the sugarcane plantations. This falls under the theme of economic systems.

Question 32

Tokugawa Shogunate (583)

Answer 32

What: A dynasty created in Japan that shifted power to one centralized rule and ensured a flow of resources to the capital.
Where: Japan
When: Mid 1500s until 1867
——————–
• Actions brought great peace, prosperity, and agricultural wealth to Japan.
• Also led to an increase in the population by more than 20 million
• Many new rules on Chrisitanity and also use of vassals created new ethic and class relations
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 33

Romanov (588)

Answer 33

Who: Family of court barons that set about reviving the Kremlin’s fortunes. Created an absolute monarchy that used nearly unlimited authority
Where: Russia
When: Chosen in 1613, in power until 1900s
—————————-
• Absolute monarchy system created stronger central government, but devastated the poor.
• Led to massive expansion of the Russian state, reaching many seas and kingdoms
• Increased eastward migration
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 34

Communes (588)

Answer 34

What: Enclosed rural worlds in which Russian peasants would support each other to deal with the climates and severe poverty.
Where: Russia
When: Formed under Romanovs 1600s-1700s
——————
• Signified the universal struggle of the poor under this absolute monarchy
• Led to ties in poor communities that formed almost kinship bonds among members
• Theme of social class relations

Question 35

Chartered Companies (559)

Answer 35

What: Companies such as the VOC and the English VIrginia Company that were created by wealthy merchants and granted monopoly rights by European Rulers and granted monopoly rights by European rulers.
Where: Throughout Europe
When: Created in the 1570s during expansion
———————————
• Symbolized strong alliance between merchants and the state.
• Enabled the rapid expansion of main European countries overseas, and also through regional trade.
• Eventually led to the creation of foreign territories and managed overseas lands.
• Themes of commerce.

Question 36

Mestizos (528)

Answer 36

What: The first mixed-blood mexicans. Created first under the Spanish conquistadors who began to classify the locals. Received special treatment over the natives, but under the whites.
Where: Mexico and Latin America
When: 16th century
————————
• Signified a dangerous gender imbalance in the new world
• Represents the integration of new cultures, and the new sort of homogeneity caused by expansion.
• Fits into theme of ethnic relations because that is how these people were created.

Question 37

Treaty of Tordesillas (536)

Answer 37

What: A treaty drawn up by the pope, which divided up the New World countries and territories including America, Africa, and Asia for distribution to the Old World European powers.
When: 1494
Where: Europe
—————————-
• Because it was unenforceable, it symbolized the conflict of interest between European powers ,who each wanted valuable materials and gold.
• Symbolized European mindset of dominance to just choose any land they wanted.
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion because these states wanted to increase their territory and wealth.

Question 38

Absolute Monarchy (588)

Answer 38

What: Romanov government that clustered all of the power to the central ruling family that had the right to tax, judge, and coin money.
Where: Russia
When: Romanovs (1600s-1900s)
——————————–
• Extreme centralization of power created a very strong core government that controlled all powerful families
• Led to a very serious, unfree political tone in Russia
• Allowed strong territorial expansion with no obstacles politically
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion.

Question 39

House of Worship (543)

Answer 39

What: Also known as Din-i-ilahi. A famous worship sport where Hindu, Muslim, Jain, Parsi, and Christian theologians debated the merits of different religions. Created by Akbar.
Where: India
When: Under Akbar’s rule 1556-1605
—————————————
• Symbolizes Akbar’s open-mindedness in terms of religious discussion and ideals.
• Contrasts sharply with European monarchs’ relentless spreading of their own religions, and discrimination of others.
• Open-mindedness ties into theme of Social and Ethnic Relations.

Question 40

Akbar (543)

Answer 40

Who: Ruler of Mughal India, who led India to a vast expansion and consolidation. Known as the “Great Mughal,” and managed to control all of India because of his open policies and efficient rule.
Where: India (mostly north)
When: Ruled from 1556-1605
————————
• Policies led to India being one of the most powerful nation as a result of political unity.
• Effective ruling techniques allowed the increased trade activity with European nations.
• Increased flow of cash to government because of his policy led to expansion of state.
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 41

Cocoa (555)

Answer 41

What: An “herb” commodity commonly consumed throughout coffeehouses in Europe by countless consumers, and relied heavily on the harvesting labor of slaves.
Where: Grown in the New World, mostly consumed in European coffeehouses
When: Grew in popularity in the mid 1650s.
—————————–
• Theme of agriculture because it was a New World Commodity.
• Fits into larger category of stimulants, which were a novel concept that revolutionized gathering places all throughout Afro-Eurasia
• Contributed to philosophical advances because its consumption commonly led to discussion in gathering places.

Question 42

Mesoamerican/ Andean concept of warfare

Answer 42

Mesoamerican/ Andean concept of warfareWhat: A concept employed by the Natives of the New World which involved a relatively mild form of warfare in which both sides viewed each other as family, and thus tried to minimize harm. The fighting only occurred over land disputes, and not simple greed to expand territory.
Where: New World and South America
When: Throughout history (mostly until 1500s)
————————
• Useful as a sharp contrast to European expansionary mindsets, in which war is waged simply out of greedy needs such as Hernan Cortes.
• Led to a defeat of the natives because they were not prepared or were not expecting such brutal warfare and attack from Spanish and Portuguese explorers.
• Theme of Ethnic relations because of this sharp contrast.

Question 43

Leviathan (594)

Answer 43

What: A book published by Thomas Hobbes, defending absolute power of the state as a remedy against anarchy.
When: Published in 1651
Where: England
———————
• Significant because it demonstrates the increasing political writing in England as a result of tumultuous events all across Europe in the 17th century.
• Along with Locke, started the revolution of increasing political thought and public scrutiny into how a government should be run.
• New ideas presented tie into the theme of Ideologies.

Question 44

Atlantic Ocean System (524)

Answer 44

What: A system of trade created by the Europeans, which essentially resulted in the shipment of slaves from Africa to new world territories for labor on plantations or mines.
Who: Driven by European nations, and farmers and merchants who wanted to increase wealth.
Where: Between Africa and the New World.
——————————
• Allowed the result of unbelievable wealth for many Europeans merchants and traders who tapped into a new market, and allowed almost free labor with tremendous outputs.
• Ties into themes of Economic Systems and Labor systems because it was a commercial network that involved the trade of human beings for labor.

Question 45

Caravanserais (516)

Answer 45

What: Inns constructed by Muslim governments and merchant associations along major trade routes. Could accommodate huge number of traders and animals in luxury .
Where: Throughout Ottoman trade routes.
When: 1500s
————————-
• Led to the result of massive Ottoman wealth by profiting from these inns.
• Encouraged many traders to use Ottoman trade routes, and thus increased the general amount of commerce.
• Ties into theme of economic systems because these inns expanded the use of trade routes while created wealth for the empire.

Question 46

Edict of Nantes (543)

Answer 46

What: A proclamation delivered by King Henry IV announcing that France was becoming a Catholic country.
Where: France
When: 1598, during times of political turmoil in France.
——————————-
• Symbolized the victorious spread of Catholicism
• Eased tensions between Protestants and Catholics, and thus temporarily put a stop to civil wars.
• Theme of social relations because this basically created a general atmosphere of acceptance for Catholicism, but still allowed Protestants to continue their worship.

Question 47

Enclosure Movement (592)

Answer 47

What: A movement in which landowners took control of lands that local customs had treated as the common property of residents.
Who: Started by the landowners in England
Where: England
When: 1600s, when there was a change of organizations
————————————-
•caused a shift in agricultural power as peasant agriculture
• gave way to farm run by families who made money in new ways including buying and selling what they needed and what they produced.
• Led to a commercialization of the countryside, a practice followed by others.
• Theme of Humans and the Environment because they controlled the agricultural output.

Question 48

Istanbul (576)

Answer 48

What: The capital of the Ottoman Empire after Constantinople. Taken by Sultan Mehmet II after a siege. Became the center of Ottoman rule, trade, and commerce.
Where: Istanbul, Turkey
When: Taken by the Ottomans in 1450s.
——————–
• As the capital of the Ottoman empire, was an influential location of Topkapi palaces, and all decisions made.
• Became the “capital of Islam,” and thus became the most influential point in the Middle East.
• Massive trade resulted in Ottoman power.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion, because it was taken in a siege by Mehmed II.

Question 49

Plantation Complex (564)

Answer 49

What: A model of labor in which African slaves were made to tend the fields for absurd hours and in inhumane conditions. Allowed more production of goods with less costs for farmers
Where: Throughout Central America and North America, also in the Caribbean.
When: Created during Portuguese expansion in 1500s.
————————————–
• Since it relied very heavily on slavery, it caused a sort of explosion in slave based commerce, fueling the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
• Led to centuries of oppression of Blacks, and also many deaths of these slaves.
• Allowed massive profits for Europeans and farmers.
• Theme of economic systems and labor systems since the complexes made money off of slave labor.

Question 50

Potosi and Zacateas (536)

Answer 50

What: Mines quickly taken control of by the Spanish. Allowed the production of massive amounts of silver that was shipped to Europe and used in trade relations all around the world.
Where: Potosi is in Bolivia. Zacateas is in Mexico.
When: Opened in 1545, used for hundreds of years.
————————
• Massive silver productions allowed the Spanish to have huge wealth, and global influence in trade and politics.
• Many deaths and sudden takeover of the mines symbolize the oppressiveness of the Spaniards.
• Theme of Economic Expansion because this wealth created a larger Spanish economy.

Question 51

Transatlantic Slave Trade (537)

Answer 51

What: A system of trade created because of European demand for labor in New World territories and in the Caribbean. Eventually led to 12 million different slaves traveling overseas for labor.
Where: Africa and New World Territories
When: From 1492 to 1840s
—————————-
• Symbolized European Oppression of other races
• Easy, free labor led to astounding profits that propelled European countries to glory and power for the United States.
• Fit into theme of labor systems because it involved the transport of people to work.

Question 52

Asante (537)

Answer 52

What: A new powerful African state created that grew in power because of its access to gold, which its Akan speakers used to acquire firearms. Grew to cover an area of 250,000 square miles
Where: Present day Ghana
When: Arose in 1701, expanded through 1750.
————————
• Exemplified power polities that grew in West Africa as a result of greater integration with European traders.
• Allowed greater expansion of the Altantic Slave trade, as more people began to trade with the merchants.
• Fits the theme of Commercial systems because it was a major hub of trade and increased overall commerce in Africa.

Question 53

Atahualpa (530)

Answer 53

Atahualpa (530)What: Inca ruler’s son who governed present-day Ecuador. Declared war on brother, and forced him to witness his supporters’death.
Where: Ruled present-day Ecuador
When: Early 1500s
————————–
• Highlights the internal splits of the Incas in Central America
• Because of such splits within the own government it was much easier to conquer them for Spanish Conquistadors.
• Theme of Empires because this battle was fought for possession of an empire.

Question 54

New France (562)

Answer 54

What: Colony founded by Champlain after discovering the Great Lakes. Enabled French traders to penetrate deep into North America and interact with Indians.
Where: Present-day Quebec
When: 1608
———————
• Allowed a French expansion into North America to spread a culture which is still present today.
• Enabled the first communications between whites and natives in North America.
• Expanded Canadian fur trade
• Theme of economic expansion, because that it was the colony allowed the French to do.

Question 55

Rapier

Answer 55

What: A long thin sword with a curve often used by gentlemen to fight.
When: Used mostly in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Where: developed in Italy and Spain, popular throughout Europe.
——————————————
• Acted as symbol of wealth in Europe; contrasts sharply with poor men’s weapons, and demonstrates vast wealth divide.
• Theme of class relations because only the rich could “enjoy” this luxurious and delicately crafted this weapon for an entire century.

Question 56

St. Domingue (566)

Answer 56

What: An island in the Caribbean that was seized by the French and used to create one of the wealthiest societies of slavery of all time. Had more exports than all of Spanish and English islands combined.
Where: Caribbean Islands
When: Seized in 1660s
—————————-
• Symbolized French wealth, and the power of an effective use of slavery to generate massive revenue.
• Wealth transformed the lives of elite Europeans
• May have acted as a success story which inspired further slave trading for labor in other territories.

Question 57

Suzhou and Jingdezhen

Answer 57

What: Suzhou was a city in Ming China that produced the best silk, and was a bustling center of trade. Jingdezhen renowned as the best producer of porcelain in China.
Where: Suzhou was south of Yangzi river in Eastern China. Jingdezhen is also located in Eastern China.
WHEN: Huge export centers in the 17th century
———————–
• The taxes in the Suzhou silk was so important that they provided 1/10 of state revenue.
• Cities such as Jingdezhen were so popular in porcelain that they fueled much of the Western lust for expensive luxury items.
• Theme of economic expansion.

Question 58

Manchus (581)

Answer 58

Who: A menacing neighbor of the Ming who eventually sacked the empire by defeating Li Zicheng. Eventually evolved into the Qing dynasty, which was full of great rulers who were able to manage a sprawling empire while still expanding it.
Where: China
When: Around 1650s
————————————-
• Led to the effect of a better China through impressive economic expansion, increasing territory, and population growth.
• By instituting new reforms under the Qing, were able to suppress the population and create a rigid social structure.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because the Manchu’s sacking led to these results under the Qing.

Question 59

Maroons

Answer 59

Who: Runaway African slaves who escaped their plantations and lived on mountaintops away from their owners in large communities.
Where: West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America
When: From 1512 until abolition of slavery in New World
———————–
• Symbolizes repressiveness of the Spanish and European slavery systems, which caused many to flee.
• Eventually created an entire West Indian African culture because of these communities
• Theme of ethic relations because their treatment under the Europeans was oppressive.

Question 60

“two competing visions … of the indigenous people of the Americas”

Answer 60

What: European ideas originally spread by Columbus that had two opposing viewpoints: One though the natives were savages; the other viewed them as innocent, childlike peoples.
Where: Ideas in Europe, people in New World
When: 1500s
———————–
• Ideas that natives were savages resulted in European justification for their massacre.
• Idea that they were innocent highlights conflicts even in Europe about treatment of humans
• Ultimately, the savage idea persisted, which proves that greed and lust for wealth prevailed over human empathy during the Expansion of European powers into the New World.
• Theme of Ethic relations because these conflicting ideas are based on how the Europeans viewed natives.