Chapter 11 Test 6

Question 1

Bubonic Plague (473)

Answer 1

What: Disease that came as a result of Mongol invasions in 1346 from the Gobi Desert. God spread through sea harbors.
Where: Throughout Europe
When: Started in 1346, lasted for nearly a century
———————————————
• Led to the death of nearly 1/3 of Europe’s population
•Signifies many disruptive effects of Mongol invasions
• Populations did not gain same size until 200 years later
• Many kingdoms began to rebuild after this huge population loss throughout Afro Eurasia
• Theme of Demographics and Disease

Question 2

Black Death (474)

Answer 2

What: Death caused by a combination of Bubonic, pneumonic, and septicaemic plague strains. Most important development of 1300s. Spread because of Climactic changes.
Where: Originated in Yunnan Province in Southwest China, spread to Europe.
When: Throughout 14th century
—————————-
• Struck hard on the European population
• Highlights lack of hygienic practices in ancient Europe.
• Cause of food shortages, strikes, and unrest

Question 3

Mandate of Heaven (478)

Answer 3

What: Chinese version of European “divine right.” Idea that emperors were destined by God to be in their powerful position. Part of restructuring used by Emperors to have a powerful approach to ruling their people.
Where: Used by emperors throughout Afro-Eurasia, including Europe, China, and Islamic rulers.
When: As dynasties rose after the black death, 14th century
—————————
• Part of dynasty restructuring by the emperor for a confident approach to ruling
• Led to clear succession of rulers and less unrest
• Statebuilding and Expansion Theme

Question 4

Il-Khanate (478)

Answer 4

What: A Mongol kingdom created by the Persian Il-Khans. Ruled through tactics of terrorizing enemies, and leveling villages.
Where: Capital in Maraghah in Azerbaijan
When: Established in 1256, lasted till 1355
——————————
• Symbolized how violent tactics and no focus on unifying pastoral peoples is an unsustainable ruling method.
• Powerful ruling empire for nearly 100 years in Middle East
• Theme of empires

Question 5

Sultans “Shadow of God” (482)

Answer 5

Who: Islamic leaders of various dynasties who claimed to be caretakers for the welfare of the Islamic faith.
Where: Many Middle Eastern Empires including Ottoman Empire
When: Throughout 13th - 18th centuries
——————————–
• Sultans devoted substantial resources to the construction of great mosques and to the support of Islamic schools.
• Leaders of entire empires, responsible for nearly all actions and effects within those
• Theme of Statebuilding and expansion

Question 6

Topkapi Palace (482)

Answer 6

What: Ottoman palace constructed by Mehmed II that housed imperial household.
Where: Istanbul
When: Constructed in 1450s, used till 1800s
——————–
• Reflected Mehmed II’s vision of Istanbul as the
center of the world
• Location of training of future bureaucrats and planning of the running of the empire
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion and theme of Architecture

Question 7

Harem (482)

Answer 7

What: The sultan’s group of women in the palace. Had its own hierarchy of ranks and sometimes was as large as 12,000.
When: Throughout 1400s-1800s
Where: Ottoman and surrounding empires
—————
• Grew along with the increase of women as a political force
• Signified power and wealth of sultans
• Themes of Gender relations

Question 8

Devshirme (484)

Answer 8

What: System used by Ottoman rulers that established corps of janisseries. Conscripted Christian youths in lieu of tribute and trained them to be powerful and smart.
Where: Ottoman Empire
When: Used from 1400s to late 1600s
—————————-
• Created a powerful class of warriors and philosophers
• Enables Ottomans to balance decentralizing tendencies of far-flung regions with the centralizing forces of the impersial capital
• Allowed sultans to have men to serve him.
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 9

Janissaries (484)

Answer 9

What: Corps of military soldiers and bureaucrats enlisted by the Ottomans.
When: From 1400s to 1600s
Where: Ottoman Empire
——————-
• Significant because sultan had direct allegiance.
• Helped clip local autonomy
• Created a influential class of warriors and philosophers.
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 10

Mehmed the Conqueror (480)

Answer 10

Who: Ottoman emperor who captured Constantinople, capital of Byzantine Empire. Commanded massive armies. Made Istanbul capital.
Where: Ottoman capital
When: Ruled form 1451-1481
—————————————-
• Significant because he created Istanbul as a center of Ottoman
• Greatly expanded empire

Question 11

Osman (479)

Answer 11

Who: Ottoman ruler who created a stern and disciplined warrior ethos. Mastered the technique of settled administration.
Where: Ottoman Empire
When: Rules from 1299-1326
————————————–
• Led to chain of successful military campaigns
• Recognized that ruling required the consolidation of power focused on attracting these groups
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 12

Viziers (485)

Answer 12

Viziers (485)Who: Administrators who were usually Jews and were allowed to rule in the Mongol Empire
Where: Perisa
When: Between 1221 and 1295
————————–
• Allowing Jews to have powerful position symbolizes differences between traditional Shiite rule and Mongol rule
• Explains how Mongols refused to take part in Muslim faith
• Administrators would have made important decisions in the sate
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion

Question 13

Safi Al-Din (486)

Answer 13

Who: Leader of Sufi brotherhood
What: Set foundation of Safavid Dynasty
When: After Mongol adoption of islam (13th century)
Where: Persian
—————————————————————
•cause of a major and influential Safavid Dynasty in Persia.
• his followers embraced the Shiism form of Islam and eventually gained control of the Persian region • formed the Safavid Dynasty which was unified in terms of believing in Shiism.
•theme of Cultural development and Religion.

Question 14

Shiism (486)

Answer 14

Shiism (486)Who: Carried on by the Safavids
What: Islamic belief in royal decendency from the line of Ali
When: Adopted by Safavids after Sufi Brotherhood influences (14th centuries)
Where: Perisa
————————————————————–
• typification of Safavid belief over the course of the Empire.
•cultural changes led to a smaller empire but a specific, central one which was unified on the same belief of Shiism.
• theme of Cultural Development and religion.

Question 15

Shah (486)

Answer 15

Who: Ruler of Persian Empire
What: Ruled and governed people of empire
When: During Safavid Empire (14th Century)
Where: Persian Region
—————————————————————
•led the people of his empire and enforce the strict ruels.
• first shah Ismail threatened to kill people if they didn’t follow shiism which was the cause of much unity in the Safavid Dynasty.
• theme of state building.

Question 16

Tamerlane (487)

Answer 16

Who: Leader of Turkish force
What: Attacked and sacked the Delhi Sultante
When: During Turkish attack of Delhi (1398)
Where: South India
—————————————————————
•cause of the Mughal Dynasty in Southern Asia.
• fighting Delhi Army caused instability in the region • gave rise to newer culture including Sikhism and eventually the complete eradication of the Delhi Sultanate.
• theme of State Building.

Question 17

Sufi Brotherhood (486)

Answer 17

What: An Islamic movement spurring cultural changes
When: After Great Khan adopted Islam as main religion in Persia (13th century)
Where: Persian
————————————————————–
• cause of the rise of the Safavids who enforced strict Shiism in Persia.
• led to a highly centralized Safavid dynasty that used violence against any people who did not accept Shiism as the only Islamic practice.
• theme of Cultural Development and religion.

Question 18

Henry The Navigator (494)

Answer 18

Who; Prince Henrique, Son of John I of Portugal. Didn’t rule as king, but expanded domain by supporting Portuguese expeditions near Africa and Atlantic.
Where: Spain
When: Lived from 1394-1460
—————————————-
• Enabled expansion of Portuguese kingdom and led to increase of power.
• Expansion led to development of many ports through South Atlantic.
• Theme of Trade and Commerce

Question 19

Isabella and Ferdinand (494)

Answer 19

Who: Royal couple in Spain. Part of most important marriage that united the provinces of Aragon and Castile.
What: Brought nobles and towns under domains. Sent Christian armies to fight Muslims in south. Started Inquisition.
Where: Spain
When: Around the 1470s onwards
————————————–
• Significant rulers in development of Medieval Spain.
• Policies led to more unified country and also strong Christian forces.
• Inquisition was integral in shaping history of war.
• Theme of Empires

Question 20

Spanish Inquisition (494)

Answer 20

What: Campaign launched by Isabella and Ferdinand that aimed to kill or expel Muslims and Jews from Spain.
Where: Spain
When: 1480’s to 1800s
——————–
• Significant display of intolerance by government intended to create a less diverse population to control.
• Led to the expulsion of more than 0.5 million, and the torture and burning of many others
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 21

Conversos (494)

Answer 21

Who: Muslims and Jews who converted to Christianity but were still targeted by the Inquisition.
Where: Spain
When: 1480s-1800s
————————-
• Many suffered and died because of Inquisition.
• Targeting highlighted a Christian struggle against Judaism and Islam
• Theme of Racial and Ethnic Constructions

Question 22

Hundred Years’ War (496)

Answer 22

What: War between England and France caused by dynastic disagreement, and furthered by expansion of French crown.
Where: Between England and France
When: 1330s- 1453
—————————
• Cause of much conflict and death in 14th and 15th centuries
• Led to English sieges of much of French land
• French victory led to power of the House of Valois
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 23

War of the Roses (496)

Answer 23

What: Civil war within England between houses of Lancaster and York. Did not result in settlement. Won by the House of Tudors.
Where: England
When: 1455-1485
———————————
• Led to the rise of a stable state, which lasted almost 200 years
• Caused chaos within England for 30 years
• Symbolized unrest within England in 15th century
• Theme of Revolts and Revolutions

Question 24

Venice (496)

Answer 24

What: Leading entrepot and commercial hub that led to exchange of silks and spices.
Where: Italy
When: developed significantly in 15th century
———————-
• Acted as commercial hub for trade throughout Afro-Eurasia
• Enabled flow of commodities and ideas between East and West
• Example of city-states that led to Renaissance

Question 25

Joan of Arc (497)

Answer 25

Who: Young girl that led French to many battle victories in Hundred years’ War after visions of saints coming to her rescue.
Where: France
When: Active in 1420s, killed in 1431 by English
—————-
• Led French to many battle victories including Orleans and Reims.
• Killing signified English jealousy and insecurity.
• Symbolized the power of young women in an era and world dominated by powerful men.
• Theme of Statebuilding, Expansion, Conflict

Question 26

Sikhism (487)

Answer 26

What: New religion based on all believers of God are equal. Preached and spread initially by Nanak. Does not allow cutting of hair.
When: Fall of Delhi Sultanate (15th Century)
Where: Punjab area
————————————————————–
• effect of the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate.
• weakening of the Delhi Sultanate gave rise to new ideas and religion including Sikhism, the idea that all believers of God are equal, which exists even to this very day.
• cultural development and religion.

Question 27

Babur (488)

Answer 27

Who: Turkish Prince, great-grandson of Timur
What: Completely defeated the Delhi Sultanate
When: After Ibrahim Lodi’s attempt to consolidate power (16th century)
Where: South India
—————————————————————
• Led to foundation of the Mughal Dynasty.
• he eliminated the major obstructing force from power in Southern Asia, enabled to the third major Islamic dynasty; the Mughal Dynasty.
• State Building and Conflict.Babur (488)

Question 28

Shah Ismail (486)

Answer 28

Who: First shah of Safavid
What: Created strict rules only tolerating Shiism
When: After the rise of the Safavid state (16th century)
Where: Persia
—————————————————————
• cause of religious unification in the Safavid dynasty.
• harsh laws of executing anyone who did not believe in Shiism engraved the importance of Shiism in the mindset of his subjects
• Unification of belief in kingdom
• theme of Cultural development and Religion.

Question 29

The Great Turk (481)

Answer 29

Who: Sultan and military leader
What: Gained territorial expansion for the Ottoman Dynasty
When: After the great expansion of Mehmed the Conqueror (16th century)
Where: Ottoman Regime (Western Asia)
————————————————————–
• led to linking the Ottoman Empire between Europe and the Arab world.
• height of the Ottoman territorial expansion
•made the Ottoman Empire a busy imperial hub which engaged in heavy contact between the Europe and Arab world.
• theme of State Building.

Question 30

Istanbul (480)

Answer 30

Who: Created by Mehmed the Conqueror
What: Ottoman Capital which was Constantinople
When: After Mehmed the Conqueror’s conquest of Constantinople (15th Century)
Where: Constantinople region
————————————————————–
•the heartland of Ottoman Turks culture, political system, and social structure.
• Location of Topkapi Palaces, and also acted as political center, where devshirmes were based.
• theme of Cultural Integration.

Question 31

Beghards (491)

Answer 31

Who: People in state of grace
What: Performed actions that gave them pleasure. understood the brevity of life and decided to do all that would please them in a short time period.
When: During years of disaster in Europe (14th century)
Where: Europe
————————————————————–
• Caused by series of disasters in Europe including famine, disease, and warfare.
• Free will and carelessness symbolized a brief psychological shift in times of unrest and chaos
• theme of Humans and the Environment.

Question 32

Flagellants (491)

Answer 32

Who: Group of men who believed that man incurred wrath of God through wayward ways. Lived a strict life of punishing themselves for general sins in an attempt to live purer to please God rather than further anger him.
When: During years of disaster in Europe (14th century)
Where: Throughout Europe
————————————————————–
• effect of the great disaster in Europe including famine, disease, and warfare.
• sharply contrasts with Beghards, but still common theme of ideological shift
• theme of Cultural Development.

Question 33

Jacquerie (492)

Answer 33

Who: Peasants who led many revolts against the feudalistic lords. Eventually, they were crushed by the king, and killed.
When: 14th Century
Where: France
————————————————————–
• effect of a corrupt and unpromising feudalistic system.
•Resorting to violent protests and revolts signifies upcoming civil unrest in response to unfair treatment
• Theme of social and economic classes

Question 34

Hapsburgs (493)

Answer 34

Who: Family of Emperors that provide leaders for Holy Roman Empire. Never able to fully centralize authority.
When: 1440 - 1800’s
Where: Roman Empire region
—————————————————————
• effect of poor state-building after the years of devastation.
• even though the Hapsburg were never able to centralize and unify Europe, provided basics of re-building a state
• Along with many other things, this was also destroyed by great famine, warfare, and disease. • theme of state-building.

Question 35

Printing Press (493)

Answer 35

Who: Created by Gutenberg
What: Allowed for printing of documents in mass scale, and circumvented censorship.
When: During time of State-Building (1460)
Where: Europe
—————————————————————
• enabled a voice in the common people in addition to higher authority.
• allowed voices of many people to be heard at a free will, rather than areas such as France or Spain which gave no voice to commoners
• Also led to modern printing, which transformed the world today
• theme of Cultural Development and technology

Question 36

Renaissance (498)

Answer 36

What: Period of time in which kingdoms throughout Europe underwent a cultural expansion including the arts and philosophy
Where: Italy, France, Low Countries, England, Holy Roman Empire
When: 1430 - 1550
——————————–
• Made a break between Church centered medieval world and rebirth of classical literature
• Led to expansion of territory, trade throughout Europe
• Acted as political and economic revival from 14th century catastrophes
• Gave Europe a long-lasting “Good” image
• Theme of Cultural ExpansionRenaissance (498)

Question 37

Desiderius Erasmus (498)

Answer 37

Who: Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
Where: Netherlands
When: Lived from 1466 - 1536
————————————–
• Presented important criticisms of the Church
• Leading humanist, who led the cultural blossoming of humanist ideas
• Theme of belief systems, philosophies

Question 38

Humanists (499)

Answer 38

Who: European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities as opposed to arts
Where: Throughout Europe
When: Renaissance (1430s - 1550s)
—————————–
• Important kickstarter for Renaissance ideas
• Contrasted sharply with artists and sculptors to create tension
• Led first public critiques of Church
• Theme of belief systems

Question 39

Florence (499)

Answer 39

What: Cultural center that blossomed and brought humanists and cultural entrepreneurs together, becoming a vastly powerful state
Where: Italy
When: Blossomed in Renaissance ~ 15th century
————————————-
• Became influential center in Europe
• Expansion of territory, trade led to strong sense of civic patriotism
• This atmosphere led to first secular histories, and many important philosophical ideas
• Theme of Cultural Development, Kingdoms

Question 40

Niccoló Machiavelli (499)

Answer 40

Who: Italian Renaissance writer who wrote the Prince
Where: Florence, Italy
When: Wrote the Prince in 1513
————————
• Work saying that ends justified the means for rulers was highly influential and unorthodox at the time
• Represented powerful erudite atmosphere developed by success of Florence
• Continued confusion between polities, church, rulers, and elite about who should rule
• Theme of Belief Systems

Question 41

Yuan Mongols (499)

Answer 41

Who: Rulers of China who initially sustained prosperity and growth, but were eventually devastated by the black death and Red Turban fighters.
Where: China
When: Black death era (1280s - 1368)
————————————
• Loss of power because of death of public signifies importance of strong rule without hunger.
• Much of public died because of food scarcity and result weak immune systems.
• Theme of Statebuilding

Question 42

Red Turbans (500)

Answer 42

What: Religious movement that blended China’s cultural and religious beliefs and spoke of impending doom. Eventually kicked the Mongols out of China.
Where: China
When: Movement gained power in later part of 1300s.
———————-
• Led to development of strong military power which restored order to Chaotic China
• Symbolized strong religious movements as a result of the Black death in China
• Eventually led to the Ming dynasty
• Theme of belief systems and statebuilding

Question 43

Hongwu (500)

Answer 43

Who: Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turbans who formed the Ming dynasty and established many important reforms in China such as village systems, civic examinations, and expansion of maritime trade.
Where: China
When: Ruled from 1368 -1398
————————————
• Many reforms such as civic examinations led to massive bureaucracies in government
• Rebuilt China after devastating Black Death and Mongol rule
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 44

Yongle Emperor (500)

Answer 44

Who: Zhu Di, third Ming emperor. Relocated capital to Beijing and built Forbidden city.
Where: China
When: Rules from 1403 - 1424
—————————-
• Continued rebuilding of China after Hongwu
• Capital moving to Beijing still in effect today, and made it a very powerful town along with his construction
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion

Question 45

Beijing

Answer 45

What: Capital established under Yongle Emperor of the Ming. Constructed with 100,000 artisans and 1 million laborers.
Where: China
When: Established in early 1400s
——————————-
• Massive powerful city in China.
• Evoked massive grandiosity of the Ming rulers, just like Islamic rulers.
• Theme of Art and Architecture

Question 46

Forbidden City (500)

Answer 46

What: Palace city within Beijing. Had more than 9,000 rooms and acted as home of the emperor and his wives, concubines, etc.
Where: Beijing, China
When: Constructed in early 1400s
————————–
• Symbolized vast riches and power of the Ming Emperors
• Common theme of displaying grandiosity with Ottomans in a similar period
• Theme of Art and Architecture

Question 47

Examination System (501)

Answer 47

What: System re-established by Hongwu that tested the eligibility of all people in government to determine their ability to rule.
Where: China
When: Reinstated in late 14th century
——————————
• Part of a much larger reinstatement of older Chinese methods of government rule.
• Signified shift back to tradition ruling after a period of Mongol rule.
• System led to the enlisting of thousands of ambassadors and local rulers (like Ottomans)
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 48

Dongyang (503)

Answer 48

What: A small, hilly interior region of China that worshiped Guan Yu, and faced conflict of overpowering state-selected cults by Hongwu.
Where: Eastern China
When: Event occurred in late 1300s.
—————————-
• Deliverance of public funds to Monastery instead of state signifies nation-wide struggle to integrate state cults and local traditions
• Acted as just one of many different local cities where govt magistrates had to keep eye on local leaders
• Theme of belief systems, and statebuilding

Question 49

Zheng He (506)

Answer 49

Who: Muslim captured by Ming dynasty who was castrated and grew up to be powerful navy leader. Ventured to increase trade with other kingdoms and display Chinese wealth
Where: China
When: Lived from 1371-1433
—————————————-
• Established tributary relations with far-flung territories
• Increased trade of ivory, spices, ointments, woods, wildlife
• Displayed Ming power with huge ships
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion

Question 50

Jong

Answer 50

Jong (507)What: Large oceangoing vessels created by Southeast Asians as a result of Chinese leaving maritime commerce.
When: Created in late 1400s
Where: Southeast Asia
——————
• Plied regional trade routes from 15th-16th centuries
• Carried cargo and passengers across Indian Ocean
• Theme of trade and commerce

Question 51

Reconquista (494)

Answer 51

What: Campaign by Spanish government to conquer Muslim territories. Resulted in capture of Granads and capture of much of Spain by Chrisitans.
When: 700s-1400s
Where: Spain
——————————–
• Led to expansion of Spanish kingdom
• Part of much larger movement of Christian domination of Muslim lands
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion