Chapter 10 Test Flashcards
Needle Compass
What: Invention created to aid navigation at sea. Enabled navigation in previously unexplored areas.
When: Employed first around 1100s, used heavily by 1200s
Where: First created in China and used in Canton, but spread throughout all of Afro Eurasia
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•Significant because their use made ocean travel and also map making much easier, spurring sea trade
• Being able to sail under clouds also increased trade in the Mediterranean year-round.
•Ties into theme of technology and also Economic Systems and expansion
Karim
What: Armed convoys of five or three ships that escorted commercial fleets
Where: Used to regularize traffic in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea
When and Who: First used by Fatimid Caliphate around the 10th century to encourage trade
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• Significant because it made trade much safer, and thus increased the flow of merchants
• This increased the wealth of many regions that provided security, as they had more trade resulting.
• Ties into theme of Economic Systems and Expansion
Dhow
What: Ships that had a triangle sail, which made use of monsoon winds.
When: Dhows were first used 1000 CE for trade, and are still in use today
Who: Used by Arabians and Asians.
Where: Used in Indian Ocean, and even parts of the Mediterranean.
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• Use of dhows made trade much easier and more efficient for Arab and Asian traders
• Dhows were used throughout Afro-Eurasia, and were responsible for moving both valuable and common goods to parts of India, China, and Arabia.
•Ties into theme of Trade Routes
Quilon
What: A bustling port town that functioned as a way station for trade between South China, and Red Seas.
Where: Near the southern tip pf the Indian Peninsula
When: Heavy trade began around 1000 CE
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• Significant because it was a major trade hub that influenced many trade deals, and was responsible for enabling commerce between Arabia and Southeast Asia
• Served as a central melting pot for many different cultures and religions.
• Ties into theme of trade and commerce
Quanzhou
What: A bustling trade town that was heavily monitored by the Office of Seafaring Affairs
Where: Located in Southeast China.
When: Heavy trade around 1000 CE
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•Significant because it acted as a central location of trade, and was the site of much economic activity. Busiest trade city in China
•The contrast between its heavily regulated trade and free-market Quilon highlight differences in government mentalities
•Ties into theme of trade and commerce
Office of Seafaring Affairs
What: An office created by the Song government that took taxes in return for registering examined cargoes, sailors, and traders, while keeping cargo safe. Hosted ritual to keep traders safe
Where: Located in Canton, Quanzhou, and an area near present-day Shanghai.
When: Started by 1000 CE
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• Significant because it affected much of the trade patters in China
• Combination of economic actions, and also religious rituals created an integrated Chinese cultural environment for traders.
• Ties into theme of Trade and Commerce
Junks
What: Large flat-bottomed ships with internal sealed bulkheads and stern-mounted rudders. Main ships used in Asia
Where: Used throughout Asia. Sailed to Java, through Strait of Malacca to Quilong on India’s southwest coast. Farther west, switched crew and cargo to the smaller Arabian dhows
When: Used as early as 1000 CE for major trade
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•Significant because they were the main ships used in Asia, and were responsible for a vast majority of the economic activity at the time.
• Unique design and watertight compartments made it ideal for sea use
• Ties into theme of trade and commerce and also technology.
Alexandria
What: major trade city that was one of Europe’s main maritime trade centers. Much of the trade was based off slave labor, and principle goods included salt, gold, silk, textiles
Where: Slightly NW of Cairo, next to Mediterranean.
When: Thriving in trade around the turn of the millennium
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• Significant because responsible for majority of Afro Eurasian trade. One of three main centers.
• Also led to greater cultural integration through increased trade and slave movements
•Ties into theme of Economic Systems and Commerce
Mande
What: Type of Peoples and a culture that emerged as the primary agent of integration in West Africa. Experts in commerce and politics. Languages were influential and spread.
Where: West Africa, between Senegal River and head of the Niger river. Included Ghana
When: Thriving around 1000- 1300
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•Significant because responsible for much of cultural integration in area
• Hegemony affected cultures and languages of countless peoples across the tropical rain forests and woodlands as well.
•Ties into theme of Cultural Integration
Epic of Sundiata
What: Legend that describes origins of Mali Empire. Youngster overcomes rulers to install Islamic state in Niamey.
Where: Originated in Mali Empire in West Africa.
When: Mali empire rose during 1100s-1150s
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•Significant because provided story for massive kingdom.
•Led to prestige of horse possession.
•Ties into theme of ideologies
Swahili
What: The language of the Arab-African culture, evolving from Bantu. Became brokers between Arabia, Persia, and India. Led booming trade centers. Prized gold.
Where: In and around East Africa
When: Around 9-11th Centuries CE
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•Ties into theme of Cultural Development and Interaction
•Signifies unification of many tribes in Africa to create a Arab-African tribe
•Integration of Shona and Swahili enabled products to flow across Indian ocean.
Kilwa
What: City that rivaled Mogadishu in economic power. Became enterpot that included ivory, slaves, gold.
Where: East Africa, near coast. Present day Tanzania
When: Powerful around 11th- 14th centuries
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•Significant because it became major trading zone and enables trans-African and Indian trade.
•Responsible for large amount of valuable commodity movement.
•Ties into theme of Economic Systems and Expansion
Madagascar
What: Island that became meeting ground for trade systems in Africa and Asia. Became one of the most intermixed and multicultural places in the world.
Who: Mostly foreign traders, even Indonesian boatmen came at one point.
Where: 150 miles off of east coast of Southeast Africa.
When: Boomed after 9th century CE
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•Significant because it facilitated Afro Eurasian trade.
•Responsible for strong mixing of cultures and influences
•Enabled movements of Indonesian seafarers.
•Ties into theme of Cultural Development and Interaction.
Mansa Musa
Who: Mali’s most famous sovereign
Where: Mali Kingdom in West Africa
When: Ruled from 1312-1332
What: Made hajj to Mecca and impressed crowds in Cairo
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•Significant because impressing of crowds with wealth demonstrated vast power and prestige of Mali kingdom.
•Also symbolized importance of Islam in Mali empire.
• Ties into theme of Empires.
Lateen Sail
What: Sails on Dhows that was shaped like a triangle and made good use of the trade monsoon.
Where: Arabian sea and Indian Ocean
When: Mostly from 1000 CE- 1300CE, still in use today.
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• Significant because dhows were the most important part of the transnational trading system
• Enables economic efficiency for traders, and sped up rates of both trade and travel throughout Afro-Eurasia.
• Ties into theme of technology.
Sufi Brotherhoods
What: A tradition of orders that brought about mass conversions from Christianity to Islam. Established as a religion for the people, and focused on rituals to come face to face with God.
Where: Throughout Islamic empire, spanning Middle East, North Africa, and North India
When: 1200s CE
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• Significant because were responsible for vast majority of conversions from Christianity
• Also affected path of Islam’s spread through many new ideologies and philosophies.
• Ties into belief systems, and ideologies.
dhimma
What: A system which granted protections to religious minorities, allowing them free worship and security Where: Islamic empire, Afro Eurasia When: Around 1000-1100 --------------------------------- • Significant because allowed traders to live in Islamic world from all areas • Increased economic activity in region • Set precedent for religious tolerance • Theme of Cultural Integration
Jalal al-Din Rumi
Who: Spiritual founder of Mevlevi Sufi order, famed for the ceremonial rituals.
Where: Islamic Empire
When: 1207-1273
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•Significant because one of the main leaders in the influential Sufi movements
• Wrote many important philosophical Persian works about love and feelings .
• Theme of ideologies and belief systems.
Ibn Rushd
Who: Known as Averroes, most influential thinker from Islamic culture. Strongly believed that faith and reason were compatible, and wanted social hierarchy based on education
Where: Islamic world, in Afro-Eurasia
When: 1126-1198
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• Significant because his ideas are still valued today, and caused intellectual revolution in Europe and Middle East
• Influenced philosophers like St Thomas of Aquino.
• Symbolizes many of Islamic scholars and philosophers at the time
• Ties into theme of belief systems.
Rajas
Who: Rivalrous chiefs that ruled splintered Indian states. Solicited support from Brahmans and allied with Kshatriyas.
Where: South Asia
When: 1300s
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• Significant because they helped the spread of Vedic Brahmanism
• Gave land to Brahmans, which was used to cultivate land, and build Temples.
• Ties into theme of religions
Delhi Sultante
What: Turkish Muslim regime of northern India that was formed through harsh conquests of of Muslim rulers
When: 1206-1526
Where: Throughout northern India
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• Significant because its rule strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that had already become a hallmark of Indian social order.
• Created political integration by permitting areas to flourish on their own, yet did not force homogeneity
• Ties into Empires
Hindustani
What: Indian language that included Arabic and Persian words. Became ancestral language to Hindi and Urdu.
Who: Created by Sufi holymen and court scholars
Where: Northern India
When: 1200s-1500s
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• Significant because it signified merging of two cultures
• Precursor to Hindi, and Urdu, so it was responsible for nearly all of the communication in Indian history
• Ties into theme of art and architecture
