Chapter 15

Question 1

Bill of Rights

Answer 1

What: A document based on Locke, and created to protect the nation’s liberties and to stop the spread of “abusive government.” Forged in response to the constitution. Where: The United States
When: 1789, during the late 1700’s
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• Created the basic foundation for US govt treatment of citizens, and solidified US’s place as a safe, democratic country for civilians.
• Theme of statebuilding and government because this document limited the powers of government over civilian life. 

Question 2

Bourgeoisie (660)

Answer 2

What: A new commercial class of men and women that took up residence in thriving ports and other centers of trade. Formed the new elite of property and capital.
Where: Europe, initially England
When: Began rising again around the 1840s- Industrial Revolution
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• Formed a new elite
• Represented shifting power as the industrial revolution ramped up.
• Theme of economic expansion and social relations because a new class came about after their wealth increased 

Question 3

Bronte, Dickens, Gaskell, Zola (666)

Answer 3

Who: famous authors of the Industrial Revolution who chose to write about the hardships of the time period rather than the successes

• Bronte, an Englishwoman wrote Shirley, about the misfortunes caused by the power loom
• Dickens, also from England, wrote Hard Times to evoke pity for the working class
• Gaskell, from England, and Zola, from France, wrote about the hardships of the women of the lower class, especially prostitutes and widows

Question 4

Code Napoleon

Answer 4

What: New laws created by Napolean in France that specified which jobs should go to which citizens and also forbade certain birth rights.
Where: France
When: Created in 1804
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•Created a new value system for France and symbolized its movement into a new age.
•Revolutionized Europeans legal history.
•Theme of politics because it was a new guideline to governing

Question 5

Coffin Ships (667)

Answer 5

What: Boats that Irish immigrants coming to America sailed on. Name because there were high death-rates on board with many passengers dying of disease and malnutrition.
Where: Most came from Liverpool.
When: Around 1845-1849
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• Symbolized struggle of Irish immigrants feeling the Potato crisis.
• Set the tone for social unrest and discrimination of immigrants one they came to America
• Theme of social relations because they were poor, and so suffered from these conditions on board.

Question 6

Congress of Vienna (651)

Answer 6

What: After Napoleon’s conquests, many European leaderes med to respect each others’ borders and cooperate in preventing future revolutions and war.
Where: Vienna
When: 1814 - 1815
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• Led to the restoration of peace in Europe
• Enabled the further development of today’s world powers such as England and France, as they developed without major conflict for 100 years afterwards.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because this agreement enabled the countries to grow in size and power.

Question 7

Continental Congress

Answer 7

What: A group consisting of delegrates that made a Declaration of Independence from Britain in 1776. Formed in US in response to Coercive Acts.
When: 1774
Where:America
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• Started the process of American freedom from Britain
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion because they started the process of creating the USA 

Question 8

Daniel Shays (644)

Answer 8

Who: Farmer
What: Created a rebellion denouncing illegitimate taxation by the American Government.
Where: Western Massachusetts
When: After the American Revolution - Shays Rebellion - 1786
——————————————————-
• Started the first movements of the American Revolution, and led to the entire war naturally.
• First officially addressed fears of unfair rule, and influenced the US govt documents of freedom.
• Theme of Revolts - Shays created a rebellion which highlighted the corruption of government and spurred reform 

Question 9

The Decembrists (667)

Answer 9

Who: A group of patriotic Russian officers who revolted to convince Constantine to take the throne instead of Nicholas. They were from elite families and called for a constitutional monarchy to replace Despotism.
Where: Russia
When: 1820s
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• Demonstrated widespread ideas of revolution spreading around the world after American and French Revolutions
• Failure to convince peasantry shows the gulf of knowledge in society
• Theme of revolts because they led one.

Question 10

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (647)

Answer 10

What: A French document echoing the American Declaration of Independence. Promised
all citizens inviolable liberties and made all men equal under the law. Seventeen articles outlined various new rights of French citizens
Who:Written by French revolutionaries for the French people
Where:France
When:August 26 1789
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• Similarity to the US Bill of Rights symbolized global influences and borrowing of ideas.
• Created the foundation for a respectful government and established human rights
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because it limited the powers of executive government over civilians. 

Question 11

Declaration of the rights of women and citizens

Answer 11

Who: Written by Olympe De Gouges
What: It was the same as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, but added woman to each of the seventeen articles and proposed females being able to divorce their husbands, to hold property in a marriage, to have a career, and a right of education.
Where: In France
When: 1791
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• Was a major step in establishing Women’s rights.
• Displayed growing sentiment against men’s domination of politics
• theme of gender relations because women took a stand and established rights. 

Question 12

East India Company (671)

Answer 12

What: A private company that was chartered by the British crown in 1600. Had a control over trade in India, including all imports and exports. This was conflicting with the concept of free trade.
Where: Britain, India
When: 1600-1874
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• Demonstrated continuing traditions of trade control in spite of calls for free trade.
• Subversive and illegal tactics led to the company gaining many hostilities in India by forcing rulers to pay extra taxes and placing puppets on thrones.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because Britain was able to control 200 million extra people through this company’s expansion. 

Question 13

Eli Whitney (664)

Answer 13

Who: American inventor who is most notable for patenting the cotton gin, which separated cotton seeds from fiber.
Where: America
When: 1765-1825
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• Enabled the spread of cotton farming throughout South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and more
• Led to the US being able to produce 80% of the world’s cotton by 1850.
• Theme of economic expansion because the device allowed the US to increase exports and production of cotton.

Question 14

Estates-General (646)

Answer 14

What: A French advisory body that was one of three groups of delegates in the French government. Also known as the Third Estate. Eventually took matters into its own hands, declaring itself the
National Assembly. Brought about fundamental changes to the French ruling system
Who: Made up of delegates that represented “everyone else.” The First Estate was the
clergy and the Second Estate was the aristocracy
When: Summoned after nearly two centuries by Louis XVI in 1788. Last called in 1614.
Where: France, late 1700s and early 1800s
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• Essentially set off the French Revolution by officialy declaring a power other than the monarch himself.
• Led to eventual siege of the Bastille after assemblies.
• Set stage for a changing of French history permanently.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because there was a new power created in French government.

Question 15

Free trade (662)

Answer 15

What: The concept of trading freely across borders. Took decades to become practice because many domestic interests benefited from special tariff protections. Began to expand after it was embraced by America. Became de facto.
Who: Originally created by Adam Smith
When: Origin in the 16th century, heavily expanded in the 1800s during Industrial Revolution
Where: Europe
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• Enabled world economies to expand greatly
• Created new wealth and allowed access to cheap foodstuffs and other stables.
• Led to the expansion of trade in the Americas
• Theme of economic expansion because the free trading of goods between many entities and thus expanded the global economy.

Question 16

Gran Colombia

Answer 16

What: A new Latin American confederation including Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia. The confederation fell apart as local identities continued to take precedence over their unity. Idea of Bolivar to have US of SA
Where: South America
WHEN: mid 1800s during south American revolutions
——————
• Symbolizes spread of revolutionary ideas out of Europe and US
• Death of Bolivar eventually led to unstable regimes
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because the plan was to create a large country 

Question 17

Irish Potato Famine

Answer 17

What: Famine caused by a potato blight disease that led to the emigration of millions, mostly to the US
When: mid 1800s
Where: Ireland
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• Led to one of the largest emigrations, and caused a mass influx of immigrants to the US
• Theme of migrations because this disease caused millions to move to other countries form Ireland.

Question 18

James Watt (664)

Answer 18

Who: famous inventor from Scotland who made steam engines more efficient. Separated steam condensers from piston cylinders so that pistons could be kept hot.
Where: Scotland
When: 1736-1819
——————-
• Enabled setting of stage for a fuel-efficient engine
• Even helped eventually pump water out of mines.
• Signified new times as he collaborated with Boulton and also with many improvements on his idea
• Theme of technology because he expanded on the steam engine. 

Question 19

José de San Martín

Answer 19

Who: An Argentine general who also fought with Bolivar’s goals of creating one large United State. He fought for South American independence from Spain. He was one of the prime leaders in South America in the struggle against Europe.
Where: South America
When: 1778-1850
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• Enables the liberation of many South American countries from Spanish Rule
• Symbolizes spread of revolutionary ideas to areas such as South America
• Theme of State-building and expansion because he wanted to make new independent states

Question 20

Josiah Wedgewood (666)

Answer 20

Who: a maker of teacups and porcelain that installed a steam engine and saw his work become more efficient. Used a clock to measure work hours
Where: England
When: 1730-1795
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• Symbolized shift to new labor practices and work hours
• Workers smashing instruments shows early discontent with the system
• Theme of social relations because he measured how much the workers worked

Question 21

King Jaja of Opobo (656)

Answer 21

Who: A king who was kidnapped and sold into slavery as a youngster.After working hard in the canoe business, he gained vast riches and eventually became a king after founding the post of Opobo.
Where: Nigeria
When: 1821-1891
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• Demonstrated rags to riches stories that came about after the beginnings of legitimate trade
• Shows how there were opportunities for Africans to work and gain wealth
• Theme of race relations because he was black and still gained wealth and power. 

Question 22

Legitimate Trade (656)

Answer 22

What: Trade of raw materials and manufactures instead of slaves and other humans. This came about as a result of increasing pressure against slavery and intended to raise the standards of living for Africans.
Where: Between Africa and Europe
When: 1870s
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• Symbolized European strength to shut down the slave trade.
• Demonstrates evolution of ideas against slavery
• Enabled the rise of new commercial products and a new generation of west African merchants.
• Theme of economic expansion because this new form of trade opened up new avenues commercially

Question 23

Liberal Reformers in India (67

Answer 23

Who: People including John Stuart Mill who took part in a sort of campaign to modernize Hindu and Muslim cultures, especially in regards to women. E.g. They tried to end sati and wanted to reform practices.
Where: India
When: 1810s onwards
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• Demonstrated European contempt and disgust of traditions at the time
• Represented a movement to modernize India and make it more European
• Theme of cultural relations because the British tried to create a new culture in the country. 

Question 24

Migrations in China (676)

Answer 24

Migrations in China (676) What: A large movement of Chines peasants that was state-sponsored and initiated through military colonization. Led to more than 1/2 million acres of land brought under cultivation. Other migrations were caused my competition for land
Where: China
When: 1700s-1850
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• Demonstrated vast power of empire to move many individuals
• Led to transformation of ecological an social landscape after migrations
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because the movement of these peasants led to the state controlling more farm land.

Question 25

Muhammad Ali (669)

Answer 25

Who: An adept ruler of Egypt who won after a chaotic struggle for power, and looked to France as a model for state-building. Also pused for reforms in education and agriculture, making egypt a leading cotton exporter
Where: Egypt
When: Ruled 1805-1848
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• Demonstrates model of revolutionart ideas spreading
• Enabled Egypt to be a succesful and wealthy state for many years to come.
• Theme of agriculture and statebuilding and expansion because he made many agricultural reforms, while also winning many battles.

Question 26

Napoelon Bonaparte (639)

Answer 26

Who: A French Commander who led an expedition to Egypt and began attacking Marmuk armies. He then returned to Euope and gained vast expanses of land for his home country. Extended his empire all the way from the Iberian peninsula to Austria and Prussian borders. Lost in Russia when trying to invade in the winter.
Where: France
When: Second half of 18th century
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• Signified monumental change in the balance of power caused by new nations eing formed.
• Helped lay the foundations for a French nation-state
• Theme of state-building and expansion because he tried to expand the territory of France 

Question 27

Natural Rights

Answer 27

What: A belief that emerged that rights fundamental to human nature were discernible to reason and should be affirmed in human-made law
Where: Europe and North America
When: 18th century
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•Led to significant changes in world governments and economies because it caused an ideological shift away from slavery
• It also played a role in the emancipation of slaves
• Theme of social relations because this gave others guidelines to deal with oppressed peoples

Question 28

Nemesis

Answer 28

What: A British steam powered warship that sailed up rivers and bombarded these areas along the river, destroying Chinese ships that attempted to block its way at will.
Where: China, mainly Canton and Pearl River
When: During the Opium War in the 1800s
——————-
• Symbolized the extreme power of Britain vs that of China
• Led to Chinese defeat, and increased power for Britain
•Theme of state-building and expansion because Britain was able to defeat China

Question 29

Opium Trade (677)

Answer 29

What: The increased production of opium caused by tobacco led to a surge in interest in China. Imports were banned by the Qing, but continued to be smoked by the Portuguese. Still, the British imported vast amounts of opium and this eventually led to silver flowing out of China, devastating the country.
Where: China
When: 1750s through 1850s
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• Devastated China by causing silver shortages, tax hikes, unrest
• Led to rising tensions between China and Britian
• Was the sole cause of Opium Wars between the two countries
• Demonstrates the power of drugs in this society
• Theme of economic expansion because the British govt tried to increase profit by entering this trade.

Question 30

Orientalists

Answer 30

What: Social scholars who admired Sanskrit language and literature and approved of English colonial rule.
Where: India, for the East India Company
When: During late 1800s when East India Company was expanding.
—————–
•Gave better knowledge to British government for ruling, and removed social barriers for rule.
•Theme of cultural relations because he was part of a British group learning about Asian culture 

Question 31

London Population growth

Answer 31

What: increase in populations during the industrial revolution caused by urbanization and increase in population density in city centers.
Where: Europe
When: 1800
—————-
• Led to rapid growth of the US for many years to come
• Larger population led to more productivity and growth of US
• Theme of human and environment because the human race expanded on the planet

Question 32

Railroads

Answer 32

Railroads What: Rail line that transports trains and steam-powered carriers
When: 1830 when it was first opened; during the increase in steam engines and iron improvement
Where: England
—————–
•Theme of science and tech because this new innovation led to a vast improvement in efficiency for the economy and labor. 

Question 33

Reign of Terror

Answer 33

What: A campaign launched to purge France of its enemies. Judged and executed as many as 40,000 people as enemies of the state, most of whom were peasants and urban
laborers. Instituted a universal conscription to create an army large enough to spread the revolution to Europe
Who: Started by a group of radicals called the Jacobins. One of their leaders was
Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
Where:France
When:Began after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793 and continued up till Robespierre’s
execution on July 28, 1794
—————–
•Demonstrated effects of uncontrolled freedom
• led to growth of France in military
• THeme of revolution because Robespierre led one 

Question 34

Seven Years’ War

Answer 34

What: war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
Where: United States
When: 1756-1763
———————
• Led to American sentiments against Britain
• Enabled expansion of British economy after victory
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because it was an international conflict 

Question 35

Simon Bolivar

Answer 35

Who: The son of a wealthy creole merchant-planter family. Grew up reading European Enlightenment texts. WAnted to have a United States of South America, governed by one line of rulers.
When: 1783-1830.
Where: Came from Venezuela, fought against the Spanish from Venezuela to Bolivia
——————-
• Symbolized the spread of revolutionary ideals to South America
• Demonstrates power of united military forces, and ideas at the time
• Theme of Statebuilding and expansion because Bolivar wanted one state in South America.

Question 36

Tanizmat Reforms (671)

Answer 36

What: An era aka Reorganization that saw legislation that guaranteed equality for all Ottoman subjects, but did not do revolutionary change. Also prevented fiscal collapse.
Where: Ottoman Empire
When: 1830s onwards
——————————
• Demonstrates the spread of European ideas to influence other nations
• Enabled the empire to prevent collapse
•Still, because they weren’t enough, led to cutting off of ties from Europe
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion because it was an attempt to revive the empire

Question 37

Toussaint L’Overture (651)

Answer 37

Who: A man who led the slaves of St. Domingue to revolt against the French in the world’s most successful slave rebellion. Wanted the principles of the French Revolution to apply to Africans as well. Eventually led to the emancipation of the island.
Where: the French colony of Saint Domingue. Today it is Haiti
When: He lived from 1743-1803. The revolt continued from 1791 to 1793
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• Signified racial tensions that had been building for many years.
• Example of French or colonial weakness against subordinated peoples. Haiti became independent in 1804.
• Theme of race relations because the black slaves rose up against the French. 

Question 38

Treaty of Nanjing (680)

Answer 38

What: An agreement between the British and Chinese that forced the Chinese to give up Hong Kong and allowed the British to freely trade with China and live within China
Where: China
When: 1842
—————————–
• Demonstrated strength of British war, and the brutal extent that European powers would go to just to establish trade
• Led to greater British power in Asia, and diminishing Chinese power
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because Britain gained inroads to Chinese territory. 

Question 39

Urbanization

Answer 39

What: The process by which many people were moving into cities because of the loss of jobs on the farms. Here, Europe’s cities grew in populations as more people got new types of jobs.
Who: previously farmers who now worked in factories
Where: Mainly Europe
When: During industrial revolution in 1800s
—————————–
• Led to rapid growth of the US for many years to come
• Larger population led to more productivity and growth of US
• Theme of economic expansion because a larger working force increased US econ growth 

Question 40

Abigail Adams

Answer 40

Abigail Adams was the wife of America’s fourth president John Adams, who was a champion of American Independence. Abigail Adams was an opponent of slavery who supported the abolition of slavery. Attesting to this, she stopped referring to her family farm as “your” or “mine” and rather referred to it as “ours,” highlighting her belief that slaves were entitled to ownership of property, highlighting a major ideological shift at the time. Given that Abigail Adams’ ideas were so contrary to conventional belief and given that she was a strong opponent of slavery, she represents the AP Themes of cultural development, social structures, and economic development.

Question 41

Brazilian Coffee

Answer 41

Coffee was an important global trade commodity during the 1840s that fueled the Brazilian transition from colony to independent nation. As brazil made the transition, its ruling elite subsidized the expansion of the coffee industry, supporting the planting of Coffee throughout the nation, clearing land for the planting. This not only impacted the Brazilian economy, it also impacted the Brazilian environment, with the land clearing entailed by expediting coffee production. Unfortunately, however the labor the coffee industry used came at the expense of slaves. Given that Brazilian coffee was a crucial economic aspect of the nation and given that it required tremendous amounts of land, Brazilian coffee represents the AP Themes of Human interaction with the environment and state building and economic development.

Question 42

Industrial revolution

Answer 42

As technical know-how developed among small operations in the countryside and then spread, it snowballed. Inventors, like James Watt who improved the steam engine, linked up with industrialists, thus combining thinking and producing. Improvements in steam engines and iron production, which opened the way for railways, steam-driven ships, and iron bridges, greatly cut distances. Textile production replaced home handicrafts and improved the quality and quantity of cloth. The cotton gin accelerated production of raw cotton, providing British looms with enough cheap cotton that the prices of shirts dropped considerably. By the middle of the nineteenth century, industrialization had spread to other northern European countries, but these still lagged far behind the British. There, agriculture still dominated. This displays the WHAP themes of cultural development and statebuilding as it ceated new jobs and industries from these emerging technologies that helped other countries succeed.

Question 43

industrious revolution

Answer 43

Coal, iron, new technologies, capital, internal markets, water transportation, and labor all contributed to Britain’s industrial development. Improvements in agriculture allowed it to feed more people and thus sustain larger cities, swelling with the surplus of a rising population. Peasants, cut off from the land, became laborers in the workshops of the cities, which turned raw materials from the colonies into manufactured goods. This economic change transformed the way people lived. Less time was spent on leisure activities. Ingredients or services from all parts of the globe drew together to form new products, such as tea and soap. The scale was such that even the poorer classes could afford imported goods. Merchants garnered immense fortunes, while lawyers, insurance agents, and financiers profited handsomely. Those enriched by commerce became the bourgeoisie. Eager to expand their influence, the bourgeoisie established ties with each other and began competing with the aristocratic class. Most bourgeoisie arose from the ranks of commoners, some becoming extremely powerful, like the Rothschilds. As world trade led to greater integration of the world economy, these leaders sought to streamline economic relations and open trade in order to provide better opportunities. This displays the WHap themes of economic and cultural development as the prosperity brought on from this revolution led the classes to increase in status as they created large amounts of money and this also spurred new classes to emerge.

Question 44

Free labor

Answer 44

Reformers in the 18th century wanted to establish popular sovereignty (power residing in the people themselves) and argued for economic aspects such as free labor, which meant wage paying rather than slave labor. This is significant because free labor systems would abolish slavery and create a wage-paying system for workers, thus representing the theme of labor systems.

Question 45

Nation-state

Answer 45

The nation-state was the idea of people with a common language, culture, and history that gave rise to the idea of popular sovereignty. The nation-state was important because it showed that people could be grouped by more than just their ruler but also through their culture. Nation-states represented the theme of state-building and culture since it grouped people by their culture and redefined the way people wanted to be ruled.

Question 46

. Nationalism

Answer 46

Nationalism is the idea where members of a community called a nation had power within their stare or area. Nationalism was a popular idea along with democracy as people saw difficulties in political relationships. Nationalism was important because it united people together and especially fueled revolutions such as those in North America and France. Nationalism represents the theme of state-building since it was the idea that united peoples into forming the first modern nations.

Question 47

Opium Wars

Answer 47

The Opium Wars were a result of China making opium trade illegal and dumping about $9 million worth of opium into the sea, enraging Britain. The result of Britain winning the war was the opening of China’s trade gates and increased international interaction. The opium war was important because it resulted in this opening of China increasing trade and it crushed China’s sense of invincibility. The opium war represents the themes of political and economic structures because it exposed China’s political corruption and weakness and encouraged more trade.

Question 48

Republican Government

Answer 48

After Shays’s rebellion in 1786, propertied men called for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. This gathering aimed to forge a document that would create a more powerful national government and a more unified nation. After fierce debate, the convention drafted a charter for a republican government in which power and rulership would rest with representatives of the people-not a king. When it went before the states for approval, the Constitution was controversial. Its critics, known as Anti-Federalists feared the formation of a tyrannical government, so a Bill of Rights was written to protect certain liberties. This was significant because it created the idea of republicanism and brought about the American Constitution in addition to the Bill of Rights. Thus, this represents the WHAP theme of political systems.

Question 49

Popular sovereignty

Answer 49

Popular sovereignty was the idea of power in the people, reducing the popularity of monarchial governments. Popular sovereignty was significant because it was one of the ideas to be revived from the Enlightenment and adopted by the starters of revolutions as reasons for change. Popular sovereignty represents the theme of state building because it was a new way of governing the people and became very popular among the people.

Question 50

Social Contract

Answer 50

Drawing on Enlightenment themes, the declaration written by Thomas Jefferson stated the people’s “natural rights” to govern themselves. It also drew inspiration from the writings of the British philosopher John Locke, notably the idea that governments should be based on a social contract in which the law binds both ruler and people. Locke had even written that the people had the right ot rebel against their government if it broke the contract and infirgned on their rights. This was significant because it inspired the Declaration of Independence. Thus, this represents the WHAP theme of political systems.