Chapter 16 Flashcards
The Wahabi Movement (688)
What: A power reformist movement that attacked lax religious practices and demanded for a return to pure Islam . Criticized Sufi sects, and threatened the Ottoman regime.
Where: Arabian Peninsula
Who: Idb Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)
When: Began in 1700s
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• Represented changing tides among Islamists to join reformist movements
• Demonstrates strength of religious extremism to overtake cities
• Theme of ideologies because a few believed in this movement.
Muwahhidin (688)
What: Also known as Unitarians, the followers of the Wahabi movement. Criticized Sufism, and attacked Medina and Mecca.
Where: Arabian Peninsula
When: Began in the late 1700s
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• Were integral in Wahabi movement’s rapid spread
• Demonstrate power of religious fervor in riling large groups of people
• Theme of ideologies because these people believed in the Wahabi movement.
Jihad (688)
What: Essentially holy war that was often waged in Islam against unbelievers. This was done by Usman de Fodio against his adversaries
When: As old as Islam itself, dating back to the 600s-800s
Where: Middle East
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• Represents religious movements that were gaining power
• Jihad led to overthrowing of some regimes, and political change
• Theme of revolts because this was a war fought against non-believers
Zulu (691)
What: A tribe of warrior fighters that was very fierce and had Shaka as their leader. They were essentially an invincible warrior state, that ruthlessly killed their opponents to gain land.
Where: Southern Africa
When: Around the 1700s, there was expansion of land
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• Represented a powerful and influential force in the region to control all other nations and tribes.
• Unwillingness to cooperate with European traders highlights a lacuna in the region.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because the Zulu nation killed other tribes to expansion.
Shaka (691)
Who: A powerful, almost invincible leader of the Zulu people. He was the son of a minor chief who managed to come to power after a struggle over cattle and grazing land. Fierce leader who forced a shift from small clan communities to large, centralized monarchies.
Where: Southern and central Africa
When: 1787-1828
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• Was the key figure in enabling Zulu dominance of southern Africa.
• As a violent figure, inspired many other tribes and clans to follow the same ruthless tactics to gain power.
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because his tactics helped the Zulu be the primary warrior nation.
Taiping Rebellion (694)
What: A rebellion fomented by Hong Xiuquan who failed the civil service examination and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Was focused on causing cultural change in China and getting rid of evil, so Confucian idols were destroyed, and many were converted to Christianity. Heralded social and economic change.
Where: China
When: 1800s
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• Ability to rely on marginal groups and subordinate classes in society demonstrates a long-standing rift between the two groups, and fervor to fight.
• Separation of men and women and implementation of strict laws demonstrates iron grip of revolt.
• Theme of revolts and revolution because there was a social revolution in terms of rules, and also a physical battle.
Hong Xiuquan (694)
Who: The Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion who had a dream after failing the civil service examination, and so he had many dreams featuring animals, the Heavenly Mother, Heavenly Father, and even philosophers. The dream told him how society was being led astray by demons and opium consumption was increasingly. He decided he was sent to remove the demons from the Earth, and started the Tai Ping Rebellion. Destroyed ancestral shrines and converted many to Christianity. Tried to reform the cultural Confucian structure.
Where: China
When: Lived from 1813-1864
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• Played the major role in the Tai Ping Rebellion, and enabled massive governmental challenges and change in the 1800s
• Demonstrates power of fervor, and delusion to effect change in regimes.
• Theme of Revolts and Revolution because he fought back against the current government.
Hakkah women (695)
Who: Women of the Hakka ethnic sub-group who were made to join segregated military units to fight under Hong Xiuquan. Had strong sense of identity and did not bind their feet. Were also allowed to serve in the Bureaucracy.
Where: China
When: 1800s, during Tai Ping Rebellion
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• Demonstrates changing social trends as the revolution came to the fore.
• Highlights differences in ways women were treated before and after the Tai Ping Rebellion
• Theme of Gender relations because a shift in how women were treated highlights the problems before Hong.
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (697)
What: The western rebel-controlled portion of the country of China, as envisioned and established by Hong Xiuquan. This area was subsequently sacked by his forces and many Manchus were killed throughout major cities.
Where: Eastern China
When: Established in 1851
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• Demonstrated power of Hong’s forces as the were able to seize major cities such as Nanjing and kill many Manchus
• Highlights the strength of rebel movements against the Qing rulers.
•Theme of state-building and expansion, as Hong tried to increase the land he and his rebels controlled.
Tenskwatawa (706)
Who: A Shawnee prophet who stirred thousands of Indians in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes to renounce dependence on colonial imports and resist the expansion of the United States. An American army destroyed his village, so this strong message eventually died off. Asked for his people to give up tools and use animal hide in order to prevent Western sprea
Where: In the United States Indian lands.
When: Lived from 1768-1834
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• Ability to rouse Indians demonstrates constant struggle against Europeans
• Crushing of Shawnee Indians demonstrates the strength and oppression of American settlers
• Theme of ethnic relations because he wanted to reject American influence
Shawnees (706)
What: A tribe of Native Americans in the US who lost a vast majority of their holdings to the American settlers. Many became bitter against these settlers, and prophets such as Tenskwatawa wanted to rid this influence from the land. They were pushed to abandon their own cultural traditions by the Europeans and become civilized. They were demoralized because of no relief form dislocation from their land.
Where: Ohio River Valley
When: Were interacting with Americans around the late 1700s
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• Demonstrates ethnic tensions because they become irked by European expansion into their territory
• Inability to defeat Americans highlights victories of pioneers to expand
• Theme of Statebuilding and Expansion because the Shawnee were kicked out of their land
Prophet Town (709)
What: A large town that was attacked by the American General Harrison and was the home of Tenskwatawa. Resulted in an even battle in which the Indians lost, and burned the town. This resulted in the discrediting of Tenskwatawa who had promised that followers would be supported.
Where: Indiana, on Tippecanoe River
When: Attacked in 1811
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• Demonstrates the victory of American expansionists over the Indians
• Was an integral event in the loss of Tenskatawa’s authority
• Theme of war because it was the site of a battle with the Americans.
Caste War of the Yucatan (709)
What: A conflict that began boiling when white elites began to encroach on Mayan corn plants, and even drove their tax rates up. Mayans then sparked a 50 year war in which liberals and Indians fought. White armies eventually won and defeated Mayans by having greater access to weapons and cash from US
Where: Southern Mexico
When: 1840s
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•Victory of whites represents power of wealth and resources when fighting strong armies
• Represents racial tensions and injustice because these Mayans who were already being mistreated were then sold into slavery of even killed
• Theme of race relations because this was a conflict fought over racial tensions.
Balam Na (710)
What: A 100 foot long, 60 foot tall temple created by the Mayans in Chan Santa Cruz, which served as an important central meeting and pilgrimage site for Mayans in the region.
Where: Yucatan peninsula, southern Mexico
When; Constructed in late 1800s, abandoned in 1900s
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• Represented strength of religion for Mayans
• Served as center of the capital of Mayans, enabling a temporary autonomous state.
• Abandonment by the Mayans symbolized an end of the alternative dream of an Autonomous Yucatan state
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because this was part of an effort to create a isolated state by the Mayans.
Chan Santa Cruz (710)
What: The administrative center of the Yucatan Peninsula Mayans’ alternative attempt at recreating their empire after being wiped out from the war with the whites in the Caste War. Many local cities based their centers around this.
Where: Yucatan Peninsula
When: 1800s
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• Served as center of the capital of Mayans, enabling a temporary autonomous state.
• Abandonment by the Mayans symbolized an end of the alternative dream of an Autonomous Yucatan state
• Theme of statebuilding and expansion because this was part of an effort to create a isolated state by the Mayans
Chartism
What: A movement created by much of the lower-classes in response to the Industrial Revolution that wanted to change the government and use the social contract to deal with social affairs and ensure equality in the workplace.
When: 1800s
Where: England
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• Symbolized social shift away from disparity
• Fact that it was rejected after 50% support demonstrates selfishness of government and inability to perform.
• Theme of social relations because this wanted to reform wages.
