Chapter11

Question 1

Factorial Designs

Answer 1

Designs with more than one independent variable (or factor) closer to real world conditions
- Life is rarely that simple, there’s never just one factor involved
- factorial design helps you take into account theses other factors.
- Much closer approximation to real world conditions where indepent variables don’t exist by themselves
* Most effects depend on other factors

Question 2

On exam: Mr. McDonald finds that the lower the price of hamburgers in his restaurant, the more hamburgers he sells. This relationship can best be identified as a relationship.
a. Negative
b. Dependent
c. Positive
d. Curvilinear
e. Neutral

Answer 2

a.) Negative relationship
when one goes up, the other goes down
- there will be one more question like this on the exam

Question 3

Which of the following research projects require REB review?
a. Analysis of parliamentary archival data to evaluate whether male members of parliament ask longer questions than female members of parliament
b. Asking participants to increase chocolate intake to evaluate impact of chocolate on mood
c. Analysis of CCTV footage from a shopping mall to determine which shops are most popular with shoppers
d. Analysis of the prevalence of health-related storylines in soap operas broadcast on daytime televisione. All of the above

Answer 3

b. Is the only research project that doesn’t have public access
- ethic boards are overviewing anything that has direct influence on participants

Question 4

Ultimately, who is most directly responsible for ensuring that a research project conducted within a university conforms to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)?
a. The federal government b. The chair of the Research Ethics Board (REB) of the university
c. Individual researchers conducting the research project
d. The Vice President (Research) of the university
e. The participants

Answer 4

c. The individual researchers conducting the research project

Question 5

1. The process of conducting a risk-to-benefits analysis corresponds to which Belmont principle?
   a. Respect for all persons
   b. Justice
   c. Concern for welfare
   d. Beneficence
   e. Equality

Answer 5

d- beneficence
What is the Belmont principle? Where the tops originates from

Question 6

Thinking About Interactions

Answer 6

Interactions = “It depends!”
* IV #1’s effect depends on IV #2
* Need to ask WHEN
does IV #1 affect the
DV?

• 1 variable depends on the other
• used to ask specific questions
  ex.
  does this dug express?
  Factorial design: would say when does this drug express

Question 7

Factorial designs useful because:

Answer 7

• They’re efficient!
• Test more than one hypothesis
• Fewer participants (compared to many
  studies)
• Avoid invalid conclusions- they allow for more control of potentially confounding variables
• this control allows us to increase validity of conclusions
• Control for confounding

Question 8

On exam: ex. a factorial design involves and you see several options

Answer 8

You must know that you would be manipulating two or more independent variables

Question 9

Key terms on factorial design

Answer 9

Defined by:
* Number of IVs
* Number of levels
of each IV
* Cells: condition of the experiment (one of the groups that participants will be assigned to)
* Each unique combination of
levels
- factorial design is named based on the design on the number of independent variables and the number of levels of independent variables

Question 10

2 x 2 Factorial Designs

Answer 10

Simplest factorial design: 2 x 2 factorial design
Has two independent variables
* Each IV has two dependent levels
ex. 120 participants, then randomly assign 30 participants to each section (4)

Question 11

3x2 Factorial Designs

Answer 11

There can be different configurations with additional
levels
- two independent variables has three levels
ex. 120 particpants-20 to each cell
Has two
independent
variables
* One IV (IV#1) has 3
levels
* One IV (IV#2) has 2
levels

ex.

Question 12

4x4 Factorial Designs

Answer 12

Factorial designs can get quite complicated
Has two
independent
variables that both have 4 levles
* One IV (IV#1) has 4
levels
One IV (IV#2) has 4
levels
ex. 160 particpiants
1o in each cell
- two independent variables each with 4 leves

Question 13

exam: give senario with a couple of different levels of independent variables, must know what type of factorial design.
Count levels

Answer 13

the reasearch is using non medium and high levles of cafeeen
- and they are studying if this causes happinnes, sadness ofr no effect
this would be a 3/2 factorial design

Question 14

Interpretation: Simple Research
Design

Answer 14

• lets you ask more complex questions
  complement vs insult impact on mood in morning or evening
  is a two by two factorial design

Question 15

What is a simple main effect interpretation?

Answer 15

What we look at to determine how exactly an
interaction works
Interpretation: Simple Main Effect
* Examines the mean
differences at each level
of one independent
variable
* Different from an overall
main effect

Question 16

Interpretation interaction

Answer 16

Occurs if one independent variables changes because of the impact of another

Question 17

Creating the research question & hypothesis

Answer 17

Hypothesis:
* “Exposure to Dancing with the Stars will lead to liking the contestants more”
* BUT - Are there gender differences?
* Take gender into account
* Are men and women affected differently by
the show?
* This hypothesis allows us to test main effects and interactions

Main effect of gender?
Yes: Gender affects liking for celebs
* Main effect of exposure to DWTS
Yes: Exposure increases liking BUT
* Interaction effect of exposure by gender:
Exposure has a clear positive effect for women, little
or even negative effect for men
For Women, watching the show made their affection towards the contests increase
- men is reversed effects

Conclusions
* Main effect of gender?
Yes: Gender affects liking for celebs
* Main effect of exposure to DWTS
Yes: Exposure increases liking BUT
* Interaction effect of exposure by gender:
Exposure has a clear positive effect for women, little or even negative effect for men

Answer 18

Independent variable: amount of caffeine
amount of alcohol and caffeine
Dependent: response time
each box is a different representation of the study
Main effect for alcohol
main effect for caffeine
no interaction, lines are parallel= same effect

Question 19

Factorial designs: Interaction

Answer 19

Comparing children who watch educational or non education TV and their high school grade average
Watching more educational tv lead to higher grades in high school
if you see a cross there is an interaction or angled towards cross there’s an interaction
Positive and negative relationship

Question 20

Give example of study list independent variable ask what type of design

Answer 20

Type of design and know why you use factorial design as apposed to regular
knowing factorial design is for taking into more than one construct
saves us resources time a better data
saves us from having to do like three extra studies