Chapter 3 Flashcards
Milgram’s Obedience experiment
- Inspired by holocaust
- Wondered how humans were capable of such atrocities
- Just following orders?
- Devised his now famous “shock experiment”
- The procedure relied on the use of deception - Pretendened to study memory and learning
- Participant as teacher
- Confederate posing as student
- Every time the learner got the
answer wrong they would be
administered a “shock
What was Milgram’s research question??
How far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person?
What were the critical responses to the Milgram’s experiment?
Criticized for being unethical
* Contributed to the ethical practices we use
today
What is TCPS?
Tri-council Policy Statement (TCPS)
- Canadian Institutes of
Health Research (CIHR) - Social Sciences and
Humanities Research
Council of Canada
(SSHRC) - Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research
Council of Canada
(NSERC)
What is the Nuremburg Code?
It’s a set of ethical principles for human experimentation that was developed in the aftermath of World War II.
The Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of informed consent, meaning that participants must voluntarily agree to take part in medical research after being fully informed about the nature, purpose, risks, and potential outcomes of the experiment. It also requires that the experiment should have a legitimate scientific purpose, avoid unnecessary harm, and be conducted by qualified researchers.
Talk about the world Medical Association
Helsinki Declaration
The World Medical Association’s (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki, first adopted in 1964, outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. It emphasizes the importance of informed consent, ensuring participants are fully aware of risks and can withdraw at any time. The declaration also mandates that the well-being of participants should take precedence over the interests of science and society.
What is the Belmont Report
The Belmont Report, published in 1979, outlines ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects, focusing on respect for persons, beneficence, and justice to protect participants’ rights and welfare.
Talk about the American Psychological
Association Ethical Code
The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Code provides comprehensive guidelines for psychologists, emphasizing principles such as beneficence, nonmaleficence, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity to ensure ethical conduct in research, practice, and professional interactions.
Canadian researchers must:
- Adhere to the TCPS
guidelines - Comply with the Canadian
Charter of Rights and
Freedoms - Canadian privacy and
information laws - Provincial laws
What are the 3 core principals of the TRI-council policy statment?
Respect for persons
* Concern for participant
welfare
* Justice
What is the Potential Benefits of Psychological Research
Education benefits
* Learn new skills
* Treatment
* Compensation
* Satisfaction
Informed Consent
The TRI-council principle of respect for persons states that participants are treated as autonomous
* Provided with all information that might
influence decision
* Provided beforehand
What information should be included in an informed consent form?
How confidentiality will be
protected
* Assurance of voluntary
participation and permission
to withdraw
* Contact information for
questions
- Assent vs. coercion
Passive Deceptions vs Active Deceptions
- Purposely lying to participants (active)
- The lye doesn’t really affect the participants (passive)
What is debriefing?
Occurs immediately after the completion of the study.
* Full disclosure
* Addresses issues of
withholding information,
deception and potential
harms* Participant education
* Explain why necessary
What are some alternatives to decception?
Role play
- Describes situation and
asks how they would
respond.
Issue:
* Not considered
satisfactory alternative
* Not deeply involved
* May indicate hypotheses
* Unanswered questions
Simulation Studies
- Type of role playing that
simulates a real-world
situation.
* Can create high degrees
of involvement
Honest Experiments
- Honest experiments include
any research design that
doesn’t try to misinform or
hide information from
participants.
Participant selection and justice
- Any decisions to
include or exclude
certain people from
a research study
must be justified on
scientific grounds - Benefits of research must also be equitably shared across
groups.
The Research Ethics Board
Each institution in Canada that receives any funding from any of the Tri-Council agencies must have in place a Research Ethics Board
* mandate is to review all research
projects for compliance
* Comprised of researchers,
external people & student reps.
* Must apply for ethical
approval
Research ethics: No risk, minimal risk greater than minimal
Exempt Research: No Risk
* Requirements for exempt
research
* Publicly available information
* Observation in public space
* Previously collected data
Minimal Risk Research
* Risk of harm no greater than risks
encountered in daily life
* Most behavioral research
* Questionnaires or
interviews on non-
sensitive topics
Greater than minimal risk
* Reviewed by full REB committee
* Sensitive topics
* Vulnerable populations
* Safeguards to reduce
harm
* Ambiguity
What are the impacts of the research ethics board on research?
Review can take a long time
* Apply to all areas of research
* Revisions
* My stall scientific progress
Why do people use animals in research
Research ethically
impossible in humans
Ethics and Animal Research
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
* Creates national policy to receive
funds
* Three Rs of “Good Animal Practice in
Science”
* Replacement
* Reduction
* Institutions must have Animal
Care Committee
* Refinement
Professional ethics
Ethics extends beyond treatment of participants to ethical conduct in al l aspects of research
* Fabrication of data
* Results difficult to
replicate
* Reporting by colleagues
* Research Fraud
Improving Science through Publication Reform
* Disclosing
* Pre-registering
* Openly posting datasets
* Open Science Framework
* Attempts to change standard
Plagiarism
* Entire pieces
* Sentences or even parts of sentences
* Failure to cite sources
* Misrepresenting someone else’s work as your own
