Chapter1

Question 1

Marine meteorology is

Answer 1

the study of weather that affects large bodies of water including lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Question 2

Marine meteorology is the study of weather that affects large bodies of water including lakes, rivers, and oceans. While the science behind the forecasts may be daunting to some, having a basic understanding of marine meteorology is extremely useful when it comes to

Answer 2

recognizing when and where hazardous weather might occur.

Question 3

Maritime meteorology deals with

Answer 3

air and wave forecasts for ships operating at sea

Question 4

prepare high seas forecasts for the world’s oceans

Answer 4

the Ocean Prediction Center, Honolulu National Weather Service forecast office, United Kingdom Met Office, and JMA

Question 5

The ocean and marine environment under their country’s jurisdiction may be a large part of many

Answer 5

Members’ area of responsibility

Question 6

Marine conditions significantly influence

Answer 6

the weather, affecting safety of life, economic development and management of important coastal resources

Question 7

NMSs have a public responsibility to

Answer 7

protect their populace from weather and weather-related events that develop or intensify in oceans (non-national territories) and, for many Services, this aspect of a national marine weather programme is often funded from public revenues, as are forecast and warning services for fishermen and small craft.

Question 8

…………………………………………………………………… can improve marine forecasts and warnings

Answer 8

For maritime and island countries, the equipping of ships for weather observations and the support of drifting or fixed-buoy observations

Question 9

Where tide gauges have been installed, these and related meteorological observations should be provided to

Answer 9

NMS

Question 10

and the support of drifting or fixed-buoy observations can improve marine forecasts and warnings. Where tide gauges have been installed, these and related meteorological observations should be provided to the NMS. On the other hand

Answer 10

support to marine transportation and offshore resource industries (e.g. oil, gas, etc.) may be funded through cost recovery or provided as a commercial service by the NMS or the private sector.

Question 11

The applicable programme within WMO is the

Answer 11

Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Programme (MMOP)

Question 12

The applicable programme within WMO is the Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Programme (MMOP), and the relevant part is the

Answer 12

Marine Meteorology Services Area

Question 13

The applicable programme within WMO is the Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Programme (MMOP), and the relevant part is the Marine Meteorology Services Area. This deals with

Answer 13

the provision of marine meteorological and oceanographic services around the globe and, consequently, facilitates and supports the delivery of the most visible outputs of the world’s marine meteorological and oceanographic organizations.

Question 14

This deals with the provision of marine meteorological and oceanographic services around the globe and, consequently, facilitates and supports the delivery of the most visible outputs of the world’s marine meteorological and oceanographic organizations. These include

Answer 14

forecasting and warning of gales, storms, severe tropical weather systems such as tropical cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes and other marine and coastal hazards.

Question 15

Marine services and products are disseminated through

Answer 15

the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) in response to requirements established under SOLAS and has a total of 21 METAREAs

Question 16

Salinity

Annual mean sea surface salinity expressed in

Answer 16

the Practical Salinity Scale for the World Ocean.

Question 17

Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of

Answer 17

between 3.1% and 3.8%

Question 18

Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 3.1% and 3.8%, seawater is

Answer 18

not uniformly saline throughout the world

Question 19

seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with

Answer 19

fresh water runoff from river mouths or near melting glaciers, seawater can be substantially less saline.

Question 20

The most saline open sea is

Answer 20

is the Red Sea, where high rates of evaporation, low precipitation and river inflow, and confined circulation result in unusually salty water.

Question 21

The salinity in isolated bodies of water (for example,…………………….) can be considerably …………………..

Answer 21

the Dead Sea

greater still

Question 22

The density of surface seawater ranges from

Answer 22

about 1020 to 1029 kg/m³

Question 23

The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m3, depending on

Answer 23

the temperature and salinity

Question 24

Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density

Answer 24

of 1050 kg/m3 or higher

Question 25

……………………………………………..can reach a density of 1050 kg/m³ or higher

Answer 25

Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater

Question 26

Seawater pH is limited to the range

Answer 26

7.5 to 8.4

Question 27

The speed of sound in seawater is about

Answer 27

1,500 m/s, and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure.

Question 28

Sea surface temperature (SST)

Answer 28

is the water temperature close to the ocean’s surface.

Question 29

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature close to the ocean’s surface. The exact meaning of surface varies according to

Answer 29

the measurement method used, but it is between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface.

Question 30

Air masses in the Earth’s atmosphere are

Answer 30

highly modified by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore

Question 31

Localized areas of heavy snow can form in

Answer 31

in bands downwind of warm water bodies within an otherwise cold air mass.

Question 32

Warm sea surface temperatures are known to be a cause of

Answer 32

tropical cyclogenesis over the Earth’s oceans

Question 33

Tropical cyclones can also cause

Answer 33

a cool wake, due to turbulent mixing of the upper 30 metres (100 ft) of the ocean.

Question 34

SST changes

Answer 34

diurnally

Question 35

SST changes diurnally, like

Answer 35

the air above it, but to a lesser degree

Question 36

There is less SST variation on

Answer 36

breezy days than on calm days

Question 37

There is less SST variation on breezy days than on calm days. In addition, ocean currents such as the ………………………………………………. can effect ………………………………..

Answer 37

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), can effect SST’s on multi-decadal time scales

Question 38

In addition, ocean currents such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), can effect SST’s on multi-decadal time scales,[1] a major impact results from the

Answer 38

global thermohaline circulation

Question 39

In addition, ocean currents such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), can effect SST’s on multi-decadal time scales,[1] a major impact results from the global thermohaline circulation, which affects

Answer 39

average SST significantly throughout most of the world’s oceans

Question 40

Coastal SSTs can cause

Answer 40

offshore winds to generate upwelling, which can significantly cool or warm nearby landmasses, but shallower waters over a continental shelf are often warmer.

Question 41

Onshore winds can cause

Answer 41

a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly constant, such as the northwest coast of South America.

Question 42

Onshore winds can cause a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly constant, such as the northwest coast of South America. Its values are important within

Answer 42

numerical weather prediction as the SST influences the atmosphere above, such as in the formation of sea breezes and sea fog. It is also used to calibrate measurements from weather satellites.

Question 43

a sea state is the

Answer 43

general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment.

Question 44

Wave height of a surface wave is

Answer 44

the difference between the elevations of a crest and a neighbouring trough.

Question 45

We divide the global ocean into regions:
Oceans

Answer 45

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian. We often call the region south of about 40°S or 30°S the “Southern Ocean”.

Question 46

We divide the global ocean into regions:
Oceans - Atlantic, Pacific, Indian. We often call the region south of about 40°S or 30°S the “Southern Ocean”.:

Answer 46

1. Mediterranean seas - Mediterranean, Arctic, Baltic, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, Persian Gulf.
2. Marginal seas - many. e.g. Bering Sea, Weddell, South China, Caribbean, Norwegian, Andaman, Arabian.
3. Open seas (different properties) - e.g. Sargasso.
4. North/South basins - e.g. North Pacific, South Atlantic (because of dynamical divide of equator)