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Marine Meteorology > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Sea ice is

A

partly a meteorological and partly an oceanographic phenomenon

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2
Q

There are two kinds of floating ice encountered at sea:

A

Sea ice – formed from sea water and
• Icebergs –form when chunks of ice break off, from glaciers, ice shelves, or a larger iceberg

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3
Q

Sea ice is formed in

A

all waters of the frigid zone in both hemispheres and in parts of temperate zone in winter, particularly in the Antarctic.

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4
Q

Sea ice is formed in all waters of the frigid zone in both hemispheres and in parts of temperate zone in winter, particularly in the Antarctic.
• In springtime it

A

breaks up and spreads into more temperate waters, notably in the Antarctic and western North Atlantic

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5
Q

Icebergs are, in general, form in the …….zone in ………………………….

A

the frigid zone in the North Atlantic area and in both the frigid and temperate zone in the Antarctic.
• In the Antarctic and western North Atlantic they drift well into the temperate zone during springtime.

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6
Q

The physics and development of sea ice are

A

complicated

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7
Q

The freezing point of salt water is

A

lower than that of fresh water

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8
Q

The freezing point of salt water is lower than that of fresh water and is governed by its

A

salinity

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9
Q

the higher the salinity the

A

lower the freezing point.

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10
Q

Thus, in the open ocean, water with a salinity of …………………….. start freezing at about ………..

A

35 ppt (parts per thousand) starts freezing at about‐2 C

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11
Q

Thus, in the open ocean, water with a salinity of 35 ppt (parts per thousand) starts freezing at about‐2 C, while in

A

the Baltic, where salinity of 5 ppt is common, the water starts to freeze at 0.3C

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12
Q

The density of sea water

A

increases with salinity

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13
Q

The density also increases with

A

cooling until a maximum density forthe existing salinity is reached

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14
Q

The higher the salinity the

A

lower the temperature of maximum density.

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15
Q

The maximum density of water occurs at about

A

4C

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16
Q

The maximum density of water occurs at about 4 C. On the other hand, sea water with a salinity of

A

24.7 per cent

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17
Q

The maximum density of water occurs at about 4 C. On the other hand, sea water with a salinity of 24.7 per cent, has its maximum density at its freezing point of about

A

-1.5 C and with higher salinity the temperature of maximum density decreases further.

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18
Q

Formation of Sea Ice

A
  • The cooling of surface water increases its density and it sinks, to be replaced by warmer, less dense water from below.
  • The process continues until the whole column of water, from top to bottom, has attained its maximum density and all convectional descent ceases.
  • Until this stage is reached, ice cannot form
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19
Q

formation of sea ice:

At sea it forms more readily where

A

the water column is stratified into layers of different density.
• In this situation convectional sinking is confined to the topmost layer.

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20
Q

Because, with higher salinity the temperature

A

of maximum density decreases further

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21
Q

Because, with higher salinity the temperature of maximum density decreases further, the formation of sea ice can be

A

a lengthy process

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22
Q

Because, with higher salinity the temperature of maximum density decreases further, the formation of sea ice can be a lengthy process, especially in

A

deep water with high salinity.

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23
Q

In some areas, despite very low temperatures, the winter is

A

not long enough for the process to be completed and sea ice does not form.

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24
Q

Sea ice first forms in ……………………….. where the ……………………………..

A

shallow water where the delay due to convectional sinking is least

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25
Q

The development of sea ice begins with

A

the formation of needle‐shaped crystals called frazil ice.

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26
Q

A) The development of sea ice begins with the formation of needle‐shaped crystals calledfrazil ice.
B) The frazil ice crystals then

A

thicken and congeal to form a greasy of soupy layer on the sea surface known as grease ice.

27
Q

A) The development of sea ice begins with the formation of needle‐shaped crystals calledfrazil ice.
B) The frazil ice crystals then thicken and congeal to form a greasy of soupy layer
on the sea surface known as grease ice.

A

In the next stage, shuga ice develops, consisting of spongy lumps a few
centimeters across

28
Q

A) The development of sea ice begins with the formation of needle‐shaped crystals calledfrazil ice.
B) The frazil ice crystals then thicken and congeal to form a greasy of soupy layer
on the sea surface known as grease ice.

C)In the next stage, shuga ice develops, consisting of spongy lumps a few
centimeters across

all the above ice are classified generally as

A

new ice

29
Q

A) The development of sea ice begins with the formation of needle‐shaped crystals calledfrazil ice.
B) The frazil ice crystals then thicken and congeal to form a greasy of soupy layer
on the sea surface known as grease ice.

C)In the next stage, shuga ice develops, consisting of spongy lumps a few
centimeters across

D)

A

This is followed by pancake ice, consisting of flat pieces, roughly circular in shape, often with a rim round the edge due to rubbing against adjacent pieces.

30
Q

A) The development of sea ice begins with the formation of needle‐shaped crystals calledfrazil ice.
B) The frazil ice crystals then thicken and congeal to form a greasy of soupy layer on the sea surface known as grease ice.

C)In the next stage, shuga ice develops, consisting of spongy lumps a few centimeters across

D)This is followed by pancake ice, consisting of flat pieces, roughly circular in shape, often with a rim round the edge due to rubbing against adjacent pieces.

the pancakes ……………………..

A

gradually join to form a more or less continuous ice sheet, called young ice, this can also be broken up by wave action.

31
Q

Young ice eventually

A

thickens and becomes field ice or pack ice

32
Q

Young ice eventually thickens and becomes field ice or pack ice, which is a

A

generic term for all fully developed sea ice floating on the ocean and not attached to the shore

33
Q

Young ice eventually thickens and becomes field ice or pack ice, which is a generic term for all fully developed sea ice floating on the ocean and not attached to the shore; it

A

varies in thickness from a few inches to several feet

34
Q

floes

A

Individual pieces of pack ice more than 20 meters across

35
Q

Individual pieces of pack ice more than 20 meters across are called floes and the pack is termed

A

‘open’, ‘very open’, ‘close’ or ‘very close’ depending on the distance between the floes.

36
Q

Very close pack leaves

A

little or no water visible

37
Q

Pack ice originating in

A

Arctic or Antarctic waters

38
Q

Pack ice originating in Arctic or Antarctic waters may be ………………… thick

A

several feet

39
Q

Pack ice originating in Arctic or Antarctic waters may be several feet thick and

A

very uneven due to hummocking (piling up) by the waves

40
Q

Icebergs

A

pieces of ice that formed on land and float in an ocean or lake.

41
Q

Icebergs are pieces of ice that formed on land and float in an ocean or lake.
Icebergs come in

A

all shapes and sizes.

42
Q

The term “iceberg” refers to

A

chunks of ice larger than 5 meters (16 feet) across.

43
Q

Smaller icebergs, known as

A

bergy bits and growlers

44
Q

Smaller icebergs, known asbergy bits and growlers, can be especially dangerous for

A

ships because they are harder to spot.

45
Q

home to most of the icebergs on Earth

A

The North Atlantic and the cold waters surrounding Antarctica

46
Q

Icebergs form when

A

chunks of ice calve, or break off, from glaciers, ice shelves, or a larger iceberg. Icebergs travel with ocean currents, sometimes smashing up against the shore or getting caught in shallow waters.

47
Q

Icebergs can develop into a variety of

A

shapes as they break apart

48
Q

Icebergs pose a danger to

A

ships traversing the North Atlantic and the waters around Antarctica.

49
Q

Practical Ice Warnings

A

Provided the ship is non in a specific cold sea surface current, sea surface temperatures might indicate the vicinity of pack ice.

50
Q

A sea temperature of 1C might warn of

A

an ice edge within about 150 miles

51
Q

if the sea temperature were -0.5 C the ice edfe could be within

A

50 miles

52
Q

Warning may be given by

A

ice blink caused by reflection from the ice giving a glare in the sky near the horizon, mainly white if sky is cloudy, and yellow if sky is mostly blue, it is sometimes visible at night.

53
Q

practical ice warnings

In fog

A

white patches indicate ice at short distance

54
Q

A noticeable reduction of sea and swell can warn

A

of pack ice to windward

55
Q

Small isolated chunks of floating ice may indicate

A

field ice nearby.

56
Q

Icing on deck occurs due to

A

sea spray when cold, wave‐generated spray comes in contact with exposed surfaces and the air temperature is below freezing

57
Q

Ice accretion on deck may also occur due either to

A

the freezing of liquid rain or drizzle drops which come into contact with the vessel or snowflakes freezing onto the vessel.

58
Q

Icing on deck is a serious hazard for

A

marine operations in high latitude regions

59
Q

Many ships and lives have been lost when

A

ships sank, or became disabled, after the accretion of ice on decks and superstructures.

60
Q

Dangers of icing on Deck

Large amounts of ice can

A

raise the center of mass on a ship enough to result in a catastrophic loss of stability.

61
Q

………………………………………………….. an occur as a result of the loss of stability and extra weight from the ice burden.

A

Capsizing, extreme rolling and/or pitching, and topside flooding

62
Q

Capsizing, extreme rolling and/or pitching, and topside flooding can occur as a result of the loss of stability and extra weight from the ice burden.
The problem is particularly dangerous for

A

smaller ships, such as fishing vessels

63
Q

Capsizing, extreme rolling and/or pitching, and topside flooding can occur as a result of the loss of stability and extra weight from the ice burden.
The problem is particularly dangerous for smaller ships, such as fishing vessels, because

A

they are more likely to be exposed to sea spray and a relatively smaller amount of ice is required for destabilization.

Marine Meteorology (11 decks)

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