Chapter 8

Question 1

Maritime shipping is the preferred means of

Answer 1

global transportation of crude oil and petroleum products

Question 2

Oil shipments account for about

Answer 2

30% of global maritime trade

Question 3

The most commonly used crude oil shipping routes originate in

Answer 3

the Middle East.

Question 4

The most commonly used crude oil shipping routes originate in the Middle East:

Answer 4

They pass through the Bab‐el‐ Mandeb Strait, which separates Djibouti in Africa from Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, or
• The Strait of Hormuz, the world’s main oil shipping lane, which separates the United Arab Emirates and Oman from Iran.

Question 5

Marine weather forecasts help shipping operators to

Answer 5

plan and schedule work, vessel, crew and other operations more safely and efficiently

Question 6

An acquaintance with marine meteorology helps the navigator to

Answer 6

make a passage (sea route planning)with the least delay and in comparative safety.

Question 7

An acquaintance with marine meteorology helps the navigator to make a passage (sea route planning)withtheleast delayandincomparativesafety.
Weather is a key aspect in

Answer 7

planning the best route and preparing for the conditions likely to be experienced en route and at destination ports

Question 8

Ship weather routing develops

Answer 8

an optimum track for ocean voyages based on forecasts of weather, sea conditions, and a ship’s individual characteristics for a particular transit

Question 9

Optimum ship routing is

Answer 9

the art and science of developing the “best route” for a ship based on the existing weather forecasts, ship characteristics, and special cargo requirements.

Question 10

Optimum ship routingis the art and science of developing the “best route” for a ship based on the existing weather forecasts, ship characteristics, and special cargo requirements.
• For most transits this will mean

Answer 10

the minimum transit time that avoids significant risk to the vessel, crew and cargo

Question 11

For most transits this will mean the minimum transit time that avoids significant risk to the vessel, crew and cargo.
• The goal is not to

Answer 11

avoid all adverse weather but to find the best balance to minimize time of transit and fuel consumption without placing the vessel at risk to weather damage or crew injury

Question 12

The mariner’s first resources for route planning in relation to weather are

Answer 12

• the Pilot Chart Atlases,
• • theSailing Directions (Planning Guides),and
• • other climatological sources such as historical weather data tables.

Question 13

• thePilot Chart Atlases,
• theSailing Directions (Planning Guides),and
• other climatological sources such as historical weather data tables.
These publications give

Answer 13

climatic data, such as wind speed and direction, wave height frequencies and ice limits, for the major ocean basins of the world.

Question 14

Route planning normally will start by

Answer 14

reviewing the appropriate Pilot Chart Atlases and Sailing Directions (Planning Guides) to determine the normal weather patterns, weather risks and prevailing ocean currents

Question 15

Route planning normally will start be reviewing the appropriate Pilot Chart Atlases and Sailing Directions (Planning Guides) to determine the normal weather patterns, weather risks and prevailing ocean currents.
The Routing Service then

Answer 15

reviews recent weather patterns and weather forecast charts to determine the most likely conditions during the course to the voyage.

Question 16

A preliminary routing message is transmitted to

Answer 16

the master of a vessel

Question 17

A preliminary routing message is transmitted to the master of a vessel prior to

Answer 17

departure

Question 18

A preliminary routing message is transmitted to the master of a vessel prior to departure with a

Answer 18

detailed forecast of expected storm tracks, an initial route proposal and the expected weather to be encountered enroute

Question 19

A preliminary routing message is transmitted to the master of a vessel prior to departure with a detailed forecast of expected storm tracks, an initial route proposal and the expected weather to be encountered enroute.
• This allows the master to

Answer 19

better plan his route

Question 20

This allows the master to better plan his route.
• Once the vessel departs, the vessel’s

Answer 20

progress is monitored closely with weather and route updates sent as needed

Question 21

Pilot Charts

Answer 21

rank near the top as one of the most valuable assets for the long distance cruiser or passage maker.

Question 22

Pilot Charts rank near the top as one of the most valuable assets for the long
distance cruiser or passage maker.
As an

Answer 22

aid to the navigator

Question 23

As an aid to the navigator, it provides an

Answer 23

additional tool for voyage planning by allowing a route to be selected that is favorable as to winds, weather, and ocean conditions

Question 24

Pilot Charts depict in some detail the

Answer 24

prevailing weather patterns including:

• wind directions and speeds,
• • wave heights, ocean currents,
• • visibility, barometric pressures,
• • sea surface temperatures,
• • percentage possibilities for winds of Force 8 or greater, and
• • ice limits to be found in the areas covered for each month of the year.

Question 25

In ship routing, consideration is given to

Answer 25

wind, seas, fog, ice, and ocean currents

Question 26

In ship routing, consideration is given to wind, seas, fog, ice, and ocean currents.
While

Answer 26

all of the environmental factors are important for route selection and surveillance, optimum routing is normally considered attained if the effects of wind and seas (wave height)can be optimized.

Question 27

Wind:

Answer 27

The effect of wind speed on ship performance is difficult to determine

Question 28

Wind:The effect of wind speed on ship performance is difficult to determine.
• In light winds

Answer 28

(less than 20‐knots), ships lose speed in headwinds and gain speed slightly in following winds.

Question 29

In light winds (less than 20‐knots), ships lose speed in headwinds and gain speed slightly in following winds.
• For higher wind speeds

Answer 29

ship speed is reduced in both head and following winds.

Question 30

For higher wind speeds, ship speed is reduced in both head and following winds. This is due to

Answer 30

the increased waveaction, which even in following seas results in increased drag from steering corrections, and indicates the importance of sea conditions in determining ship performance

Question 31

Wave Height:

Answer 31

Wave height is the major factor affecting ship performance

Question 32

Wave Height:Wave height is the major factor affecting ship performance.
• Wave action is responsible for

Answer 32

ship motions

Question 33

Wave action is responsible for ship motions which

Answer 33

reduce propeller thrust

Question 34

Wave action is responsible for ship motions which reduce propeller thrust and cause

Answer 34

increased drag from steering corrections

Question 35

The relationship of ship speed to wavedirection and height is similar to

Answer 35

that of wind

Question 36

The relationship of ship speed to wavedirection and height is similar to
that of wind. Head seas

Answer 36

reduce ship speed

Question 37

The relationship of ship speed to wavedirection and height is similar to
that of wind. Head seas reduce ship speed, while following seas

Answer 37

increase ship speed slightly to a certain point, beyond which they retard it

Question 38

In addition to the above, the …………………………………………. should be considered for ship routing

Answer 38

synoptic weather conditions

Question 39

In addition to the above, the synoptic weather conditions such as mentioned
below should be considered for ship routing:

Answer 39

• The effect of weather and seas associated with extratropical low pressure systems and the tropical systems.
• Seasonal or monsoon weather is also a factor in route selection and diversion in certain areas