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Marine Meteorology > Chapter 2 part 1 upwelling > Flashcards

Chapter 2 part 1 upwelling Flashcards

1
Q

Upwelling:

A
  • Rise of deep sea water to the surface (movement of water from deeper layers of the sea to the surface)
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2
Q

Upwelling

primary zones

A

eastern boundaries of oceans

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3
Q

upwelling is a ……………. of the sea

A

charactaristic

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4
Q
  • Types of upwelling:
A
  • Coastal (most common type)
  • Large scale wind induced upwelling in the open ocean
  • Upwelling related to tropical cyclones
  • Related to topography
  • Equatorial
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5
Q
  • Benefits of upwelling
A
  • Nutrient regeneration to the surface
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6
Q

compare the different types of upwelling in the coastal ocean

A

Wind driven

Causes

Topographic detail such as water depth and shape of coastline

Effects

Currents

Stratification

Nutrient supply

Dynamic uplifting (independent of coastal wind condition

Causes

Variation in the currents found outside the coastal ocean

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7
Q

In deep ocean Coastal upwelling occur where

A
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8
Q

The water movement is the result of: (coastal upwelling)

A
  • Wind driven Ekman flow
  • Geostrophic flow
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9
Q

water movemnt is Directed:

A
  • At an angle away from the coast near the surface
  • Parallel to the cost at mid depth bellow the Ekman layer but above the bottom boundary layer
  • At an angle towards the coast in the frictional boundary layer at the bottom
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10
Q

Regions controlled by this dynamic (coastal upwelling)

A
  • Subtropics where the trade wind blows toward the equator along the eastern coastlines of the ocean
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11
Q

Most related to human activities as it: (coastal upwelling)

A
  • Supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world
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12
Q

coastal upwelling is normally due to

A
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13
Q

Stationary upwelling:

A
  • Atlantic ocean (warmer water is supplied to the surface in the Beaufort sea upwelling)
    • Canary (west African)
    • Guinean
    • Brazilian
    • South African
  • Indian ocean
    • Bengal
    • Somali
  • Pacific ocean
    • Chilean Peruvian
    • Californian
    • Oregon
  • Arctic ocean (warm water is supplied to the surface along the northern margins of the Siberian arctic sea)
    • Beaufort sea
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14
Q

Important areas of upwelling

A
  • Middle part of the Caspian sea off the east coast in summer
  • Black sea (south coast of crimea)
  • Sea of Okhotsk (along the southwest coast of Kamchatka)
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15
Q

compare types of upwelling

A

Cause

coastal

wind blows parallel to the coast with the coast line to its left in the NH (alongshore wind)

Coriolis force

Wind driven Ekman flow

Geostrophic flow

Open sea

Currents diverge (related to prevailing winds)

Tropical cyclone

Cyclone vorticity separate the water and pulls colder water from the deep layers to the surface

Slow moving cyclones (up to 8km/h)

Topography

Islands, submerged ridges and mounts deflect Deepwater currents (small area & unsteady in time)

Equator

divergence at the surface at the equator

due to Coriolis force acting on the sides of equatorial currents

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16
Q

Upwelling in the open sea

causes

A

Currents diverge (related to prevailing winds)

17
Q

Upwelling in the open sea

Process:

A
18
Q

Upwelling in the open sea

Compare coastal upwelling and upwelling in the open ocean:

A

Rates that water ascend are less compared to coastal upwelling

19
Q

Upwelling in the open sea

Disadvantage of the concept of upwelling in the open sea

A

It is poorly understood

20
Q

Upwelling due to passage of tropical cyclone

Cause:

A
  • Cyclone vorticity separate the water and pulls colder water from the deep layers to the surface
  • Slow moving cyclones (up to 8km/h)

Note that not all tropical cyclones cause upwelling. Tropical cyclones speed is 20 – 30 km/h

21
Q

Upwelling related to topography

cause

A
  • Islands, submerged ridges and mounts deflect Deepwater currents (small area & unsteady in time)
22
Q

Upwelling related to topography

examples

A
  • Galapagos island and the Seychelles
23
Q

Upwelling at the equator

Cause:

A
24
Q

Upwelling at the equator

Effect:

A
  • Divergence drags up nutrient rich water from bellow
25
Q

examples of presence of equatorial upwelling

A
  • Pacific
  • Atlantic
26
Q

absence of equatorial upwelling

A
  • In Indian ocean due to
    • Trade winds differ in seasons
    • Absence of equatorward eastern boundary current that feeds into the equatorial current

Marine Meteorology (11 decks)

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