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CC1 LAB > CHAPTER V: ANALYTICAL METHODS & INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER V: ANALYTICAL METHODS & INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

Most determinations made in the clinical laboratory are based upon measurements of radiant energy:

A

Emitted
Transmitted
Absorbed
Reflected under controlled conditions

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2
Q

Travels as electromagnetic wave

A

RADIANT ENERGY

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3
Q

Shorter the wavelength, higher

A

electromagnetic energy

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4
Q

Distance between two peaks as light travels in a wavelike pattern

A

WAVELENGTH

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5
Q

WAVELENGTH UNITS

A

Armstrong (A) ; Millimicron (mu) ; Nanometer (nm)

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6
Q

1 nm = 1 um = [?] A = [?] m

A

10
10^-9

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7
Q

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGIES

A

Cosmic rays
Gamma rays and x-rays
Visible
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Radio, TV, Microwave

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8
Q

Is a photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance

A

Gamma rays

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9
Q

similar to that of the x-ray but with higher frequency

A

Gamma rays

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10
Q

electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength that is generated by sudden changes in the velocity of the electric charge

A

X-rays

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11
Q

Ultraviolet region

A

Below 340

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12
Q

Not visible

A

Below 340

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13
Q

Visible spectra

A

340 - 700

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14
Q

Visible; used in spectrophotometers

A

340 - 700

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15
Q

Provides the wavelength being used

A

White light source (deuterium)

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16
Q

Not visible; toxicology studies and determinations

A

Above 700

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17
Q

Perceived as heat instead of light

A

Above 700

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18
Q

Infrared region

A

Above 700

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19
Q

Chemical reaction produces colored substance whose concentration is proportional to the analyte

A

COLORIMETERY

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20
Q

Factors considered in colorimetry

A

Quality of color
Intensity of color

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21
Q

Kinds of colorimetry

A

Visual colorimetry
Photoelectric colorimetry

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22
Q

Photoelectric colorimetry

A

Spectrophotometry
Filterphotometry

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23
Q
  • use prisms or gratings to disperse light into a continuous spectrum
A

Spectrophotometry

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24
Q
  • use filters to isolate a narrow wavelength range of the spectrum
A

Filter photometry

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25
Q
  • amount of light taken up by a solution
A

Absorbance

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26
Q

Cannot be measured directly but measurement using the % transmittance

A

Absorbance

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27
Q
  • ratio of the radiant energy transmitted to the radiant energy incident on the sample
A

Transmittance

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28
Q

The amount of light absorbed is dependent on:

A

The concentration of the absorbing substance.
The thickness or depth of a solution. The length of light path or the diameter of the cuvet.

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29
Q

The concentration the substance is directly proportional to the amount of the light absorbed or inversely proportional to the transmitted light.

A

BEER’S LAW

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30
Q

Absorbance is directly proportional to the length of light path.

A

BOUGUER’S OR LAMBERT’S LAW

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31
Q

Mathematical relationship between absorption of radiant energy and the concentration of a solution:

A
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32
Q

Light being absorbed and transmitted

A

RADIANT ENERGY

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33
Q

Frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to the

A

wavelength

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34
Q

RADIANT ENERGY in nm

A

290 to 750 nm

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35
Q

Originates beyond the earth’s atmosphere

A

Cosmic rays

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36
Q

Being measured

A

Visible

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37
Q

With extremely high frequency

A

Radio, TV, Microwave

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38
Q

The darker the color, the higher the

A

concentration

39
Q

Light passes through a [?]

A

monochromator

40
Q

Isolates a region of the spectrum

A

Monochromator

41
Q

Next passes through a

A

Cuvet

42
Q

Radiant energy is absorbed through this glassware

A

Cuvet

43
Q

Transmitted light reaches a [?], Which converts light electrical energy that can be registered on [?]

A

Detector
Readout device

44
Q

Provides electromagnetic radiation as visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light

A

Light source

45
Q

Sources of radiant energy

A

Visible and near-infrared ranges
Ultraviolet ranges

46
Q

Visible and near-infrared ranges: 2

A

Tungsten iodide
Halogen quartz

47
Q

Ultraviolet ranges: 3

A

Hydrogen vapor lamp
Deuterium lamp
Mercury lamp

48
Q

Tungsten iodide in nm

A

340 - 700 nm

49
Q

Less desirable; uneven emission spectrum

A

Mercury lamp

50
Q

Not suited for routine application

A

Xenon lamp

51
Q

Problems result from stray light

A

Xenon lamp

52
Q

Any wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator

A

Stray light

53
Q

Reduces straylight and prevent scattered light from entering the monochromator system

A

Entrance slit

54
Q

Produces light of specific wavelengths from a light source

A

Wavelength selector or monochromator

55
Q

Types of monochromators

A
  1. Prisms
  2. Diffraction gratings
  3. Transmission filters
  4. Interference filters
56
Q

Wedge shaped pieces of glass quartz or sodium chloride

A

Prisms

57
Q

Disperses like to form a spectrum of colors by refraction

A

Prisms

58
Q

Device with small parallel grooves or slit

A

Diffraction gratings

59
Q

As a prism [refract white light] and as a slit [diffract it into several spectra]

A

Diffraction gratings

60
Q

Colored glass or gelatin between two plates of glass

A

Transmission filters

61
Q

Light outside the transmission band or absorbed by the colored material

A

Transmission filters

62
Q

Semi-transparent silver films on both sides of a dielectric such as MgF

A

Interference filters

63
Q

Internal components of a spectrophotometer

A
  1. Light source
  2. Entrance slit
  3. Wavelength selector or monokrom a tour
  4. Exit slit
  5. Analytical cell or cuvette
  6. Photodetector
  7. Readout device or meter
64
Q

Holds the solution in which the absorption is to be measured

A

Analytical cell or cuvette

65
Q

Analytical cell or cuvette: internal dimension

A

1 cm

66
Q

Measures light intensity by converting like signal into electrical signal

A

Photodetector

67
Q

Uses photosensitive materials in their cathodes

A

Photodetector

68
Q

photosensitive materials

A

Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium selenide [visible region]

69
Q

Release electrons when they are exposed to light energy

A

Photodetector

70
Q

Types of detectors

A

Barrier-layer cells
Photomultiplier tube
Phototube/photoemissive tube
Photoconductive/photoresistive tube

71
Q

Generate their own electrical output directly from light energy

A

Barrier-layer cells

72
Q

Negative electrode

A

Selenium coated with silver

73
Q

Positive electrode

A

Iron base

74
Q

Found in older colori,meter

A

Barrier-layer cells

75
Q

An electron tube capable of significantly amplifying a current

A

Photomultiplier tube

76
Q

Photomultiplier tube advantages

A

Rapid response time
Very sensitive

77
Q

Photomultiplier tubes precautions:

All [?] Must be carefully shielded from the photomultiplier tube to prevent burnout

A

Straylight and daylight

78
Q

When radiant energy strikes the cathode, the emitted electrons are attached to the adjacent dynode. Which electron then emits several other electrons. The electrons emitted from the dynode or subsequently attracted to the second dynode, where the same emission cycle is repeated

A
79
Q

Electrons go directly to the anode

A

Phototube

80
Q

Constructed to respond to ultraviolet radiation

A

Phototube

81
Q

Phototube limitation

A

Small amount of a photocurrent generated

82
Q

Electrical resistance decreases as the level of incident light is raised

A

Photoconductive

83
Q

The electrical energy from a detector is displayed

A

Readout device

84
Q

Types of read out device

A

Direct reading system
Null point system
Digital readout
Microprocessor

85
Q

Double beam spectrophotometer

A

Double beam in space
Double beam in time

86
Q

All components are duplicated except the light source

A

Double beam in space

87
Q

The two beams pass at the same time through different components

A

Double beam in space

88
Q

Compensate for changes in light intensity

A

Double beam in space

89
Q

Compensate for changes in absorbance of the reagent blank as the wavelength is changed in scanning operation

A

Double beam in space

90
Q

Use the same components as a single beam instrument

A

Double beam in time

91
Q

Duplicate of cuvet compartments

A

Double beam in time

92
Q

Rotating wheel without ternate silvered sections [inserted after the exit slit]

A

Light beam chopper chopper

93
Q

Two beams pass through the same components but not at the same time

A

Double beam in time

94
Q

As a single-beam instrument is adjusted to zero absorbance with the blank before and between sample readings, the double beam system makes this adjustment automatically

A

CC1 LAB (5 decks)

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