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OrganHisto Exam One > Chapter Two - CT Cont. > Flashcards

Chapter Two - CT Cont. Flashcards

0
Q

What increases the permeability of capillaries and venules as well as dilates arterioles and small arteries during a basic inflammatory reaction?

A

Histamine

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1
Q

What cells are produced during the first exposure primary immune response?

A

Memory cells (B and T)

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2
Q

What extends the effects of histamine?

A

Leukotrienes

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3
Q

What reacts first in a basic inflammatory reaction like a cut in the skin?

A

Histamine

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4
Q

What reacts last in a basic inflammation reaction like a cut in the skin?

A

Heparin and ECF

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5
Q

What counters the effects of histamine?

A

Heparin

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6
Q

What attracts neutrophils?

A

NCF

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7
Q

What attracts eosinophils?

A

ECF

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8
Q

What is the stimulus for a basic inflammatory reaction like a cut in the skin?

A

Phagocytosis, direct trauma, complement

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9
Q

What is the stimulus for an intermediate inflammatory reaction?

A

IgE/allergen complex

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10
Q

Hay fever and allergic contact dermatitis are examples of what kind of inflammatory reaction?

A

Intermediate

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11
Q

Dead cells, debris, and broken fibers are examples of what kind of inflammatory response?

A

Basic

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12
Q

What is massively produced during anaphylaxis?

A

IgE

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13
Q

Exposure to bee venom, peanut oil, and shellfish are examples of what kind of inflammatory reaction?

A

Anaphylaxis

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14
Q

What can the circulatory shock of anaphylaxis lead to?

A

Cardiovascular collapse

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15
Q

What is the cause of cardiovascular collapse with severe anaphylaxis?

A

Extensive internal bleeding

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16
Q

Which type of asthma involves an unknown allergen with a usual adult onset?

A

Intrinsic asthma

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17
Q

Which type of asthma involves allergens that are typically in the air and childhood onset?

A

Extrinsic asthma

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18
Q

What is the primary problem of asthma?

A

Release of leukotrienes

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19
Q

What stimulates asthma?

A

IgE allergen complex or secondary factors like fatigue, endocrine changes, odors, emotions, foods, etc.

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20
Q

What causes secondary difficulties of asthma?

A

Inflammation in the lungs

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21
Q

What cells become macrophages in connective tissue?

A

Monocytes

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22
Q

What phagocytic cells are attracted to sites of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

What cells combat parasitic worm larvae?

A

Eosinophils

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24
Q

What leukocytes are attracted to sites of allergic inflammation?

A

Eosinophils

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25
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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26
Q

Basophils are similar to what kind of cell?

A

Mast cells

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27
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Initiate, maintain, and influence inflammation

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28
Q

What kind of leukocyte is attracted to sites of chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes

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29
Q

What is the adult stem cell?

A

Mesenchyme cells

30
Q

What is the function of mesenchymal cells?

A

To change into a different cell type

31
Q

Do mesenchyme cells exist in humans?

A

Yes, but numbers decrease

32
Q

Reticular cells derived from what cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells

33
Q

What is the function of reticular cells?

A

To make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis

34
Q

Larger number of cells and cell types is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

35
Q

Fewer fibers is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

36
Q

Increased amount of ground substance is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

37
Q

Being quite vascular is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

38
Q

Where can the majority of loose areolar connective tissue be found?

A

Greater and lesser omenta

39
Q

Where can small amounts of loose areolar connective tissue be found?

A

Around blood vessels

40
Q

Where can loose irregular connective tissue be found?

A

In the papillary layer of the dermis and beneath the epithelium in organs

41
Q

Fewer cells and cell types is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense connective tissue

42
Q

Many fibers is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense connective tissue

43
Q

Decreased amounts of ground substance is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense connective tissue

44
Q

Being less vascular is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense connective tissue

45
Q

What is the exception to the characteristics of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis

46
Q

Where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?

A

Reticular layer of the dermis, nerve sheaths, organ capsules

47
Q

Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

48
Q

What is the primary cell type in reticular connective tissue?

A

Reticular cell

49
Q

What is the primary fiber type of reticular connective tissue?

A

Reticular fiber

50
Q

Where can reticular connective tissue be found?

A

Lymphatic and endocrine organs; bone marrow

51
Q

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A

Provides support in highly cellular areas/organs

52
Q

What is the primary cell type of adipose?

A

Adipocytes

53
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is quite vascular and contains areas of loose areolar connective tissue?

A

Adipose

54
Q

What is the primary cell type of white adipose?

A

Unilocular white adipocyte (one large droplet)

55
Q

What are the functions of white adipose?

A

Store energy, thermoregulation, protect/cushion organs

56
Q

What is an example of a location where the thermoregulation function of the white adipose is seen?

A

Hypodermics of the skin

57
Q

The fat around the kidneys serves what function of white adipose?

A

Protection and cushioning of organs

58
Q

What produces adipokines?

A

White adipose

59
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Inhibits appetite and regulates the formation of new adipocytes

60
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Break down triglycerides and triglyceride renewal

61
Q

What are locations for white adipose?

A

Around kidney and heart, within liver, bone marrow, hypodermis

62
Q

What is the cellular cause of adult onset of obesity?

A

Existing adipocytes increase in size

63
Q

What is the cellular cause of childhood obesity?

A

Numbers of adipocytes can increase as well as size

64
Q

Obese children may have up to how many times more fat cells than other children?

A

3X

65
Q

When can brown adipocyte numbers increase?

A

In a cold environment

66
Q

Brown adipose is limited among what population?

A

Adults

67
Q

Brown adipose is more prevalent among what population?

A

Newborns

68
Q

Which adipocytes are smaller and multilocular?

A

Brown adipose

69
Q

What is the function of brown adipose?

A

Thermogenesis

70
Q

Why does brown adipose actually look brown?

A

Increased mitochondria

71
Q

An increase in the number of cell types present should have what effect on healing potential?

A

Increased

72
Q

Increased vascularity should lead to what effect on healing potential?

A

Increased

73
Q

What are the three specialized connective tissue types?

A

Cartilage, bone, and blood

OrganHisto Exam One (7 decks)

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