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OrganHisto Exam One > Chapter Three - Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter Three - Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

Surface protection is an example of what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

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1
Q

What are the three mechanisms of protection of the immune system?

A

Surface protection, acute inflammation, immune response

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2
Q

Acute inflammation is what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

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3
Q

The non-specific process where neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils move into an area and complement complex is presented is what mechanism of the immune system?

A

Acute inflammation

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of the immune system primarily used by the epithelium and its cells?

A

Surface protection

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5
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral (B cell) immunity and cell mediated immunity

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6
Q

Humoral immunity is usually in response to what kind of invasion?

A

Bacterial

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7
Q

What mediates humoral immunity?

A

B cells and plasma cells with T cell involvement

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8
Q

What type of adaptive immunity involves antibody production?

A

Humoral (B cell) immunity

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9
Q

Cell mediated immunity is usually a response to what kind of invasion?

A

Viruses, fungi, or foreign cells

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10
Q

What mediates cell mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

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11
Q

Does cell mediated immunity depend on B lymphocytes?

A

No

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12
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is a cytotoxic response?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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13
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A

Storage of lymphocytes, increase the numbers of lymphocytes, provide a favorable environment for establishing immunity

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14
Q

Humoral immunity and having an incomplete capsule or not one at all are characteristics of what kind of component of the immune system?

A

Diffuse lymphatics

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15
Q

Both humoral and cell-mediated immunities along with the presence of a capsule are characteristics of what component of the immune system?

A

Lymphoid organs

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16
Q

The bone marrow and thymus are examples of which lymphoid organs?

A

Primary

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17
Q

What type of lymphoid organs provides an environment where lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

A

Primary

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18
Q

What kind of lymphoid organ provides an environment where lymphocytes can contact foreign antigens and can interact with each other?

A

Secondary

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19
Q

Large amounts of which antibodies are associated with lymph nodules?

A

IgG or IgA

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20
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

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21
Q

What kind of lymphatics are located within the GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts?

A

Diffuse lymphatics

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22
Q

The spleen and lymph nodes are examples of what kind of lymphoid organs?

A

Secondary

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23
Q

What occurs in the lymph nodules?

A

B cells dividing to form B memory cells and plasma cells

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24
Q

Secretory IgA is secreted onto what surfaces?

A

Epithelial

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25
Q

Where can we find secretory IgA?

A

In or on tears, saliva, gut lumen, nasal cavity, and vaginal surface

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26
Q

What are the functions of IgA?

A

Neutralize viruses and bacteria toxins, decrease microbial adhesion to cells

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27
Q

What subcategory of MALT is in the GI tract?

A

GALT (gut-associated lymphatic tissue)

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28
Q

Peyer’s patches are located where?

A

Ileum

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29
Q

What subcategory of MALT is associated in the respiratory system?

A

BALT (bronchial-associated lymphatic tissue)

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30
Q

BALT is commonly at what respiratory location?

A

At bifurcation spots

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31
Q

What is the term for tonsils with epithelial folds?

A

Pleated tonsils

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32
Q

What is the function of the pleated folds of some tonsils?

A

Increase surface area to catch pathogens

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33
Q

What covers the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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34
Q

What is the other term for the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Adenoids

35
Q

What can happen when pharyngeal tonsils are inflamed?

A

Auditory tubes can be inflamed leading to ear infections

36
Q

What type of tonsils are pleated (have epithelial folds)?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

37
Q

What types of tonsils have tonsilar crypts?

A

Palatine and lingual

38
Q

What is another term for palatine tonsils?

A

Faucial tonsils

39
Q

What is the surface epithelium for palatine tonsils?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

40
Q

Which are deeper: epithelial folds or tonsilar crypts?

A

Tonsilar crypts

41
Q

What are the advantages to having tonsilar cysts?

A

Increased surface area for detecting foreign antigens, more area for lymph nodular formation in connective tissue

42
Q

What is the disadvantage of having tonsilar cysts?

A

Deep depressions —> bacteria can thrive —> inflammation —-> tonsillitis

43
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the lingual tonsils?

A

Stratified squamous

44
Q

What is the tonsilar ring called around the openings to the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

Waldeyer’s Ring

45
Q

What are the two major functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filtration of lymph fluid using phagocytosis, establish humoral and cell-mediated immunities

46
Q

What is the capsule of a lymph node made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue of moderate thickness

47
Q

What is the irregular connective tissue that divides regions of the lymph node into compartments?

A

Trabeculae (septa)

48
Q

What is the name for the incoming vessels of the lymph nodes?

A

Afferent lymphatics

49
Q

What is the name for the outgoing lymphatic vessels?

A

Efferent

50
Q

Do both the afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels contain valves?

A

Yes

51
Q

What is the recessed area where efferent lymph exits?

A

Hilum

52
Q

What is the first area to receive afferent lymph?

A

Marginal sinus

53
Q

What is another name for the subcapsular sinus?

A

Marginal sinus

54
Q

Which sinus passes through the cortex region?

A

Cortical sinus

55
Q

Which sinus passes through the deep cortex/paracortex region?

A

Deep cortical sinus

56
Q

Which sinus passes through the medulla region?

A

Medullary sinus

57
Q

What system of fibers supports all of the cells within all regions and sinuses of the lymph node?

A

Reticular fibers which are produced by reticular cells

58
Q

What cells are found in the cortex of the lymph node?

A

Reticular cells (for structural support), macrophages (for phagocytosis to filter lymph), follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), some T cells and plasma cells

59
Q

What is the primary cell type in the cortex of the lymph node?

A

B lymphocyte

60
Q

What activity is present in the cortex region of the lymph node?

A

Phagocytosis and humoral immunity (primarily IgG)

61
Q

What type of lymph nodule does not have a germinal center?

A

Primary lymph node

62
Q

What types of cells are seen in primary lymph nodules?

A

Naive B cells congregate here and many B memory cells are possible to be found

63
Q

What type of lymph nodule has a germinal center?

A

Secondary lymphoid nodule

64
Q

Secondary lymphoid nodules form as a response to what?

A

Foreign antigen

65
Q

Active B cell division occurs in what kind of lymphoid nodule?

A

Secondary

66
Q

Follicular dendritic cells are found in which type of lymphoid nodule?

A

Secondary

67
Q

What are the other names for the paracortex?

A

Thymus dependent zone, deep cortex

68
Q

What cells are found in the paracortex?

A

Reticular cells, macrophages, some B cells, and true dendritic cells

69
Q

What is the primary cell type of the paracortex?

A

T lymphocyte

70
Q

What activity is seen in the paracortex of the lymph node?

A

Phagocytosis, storage site for T cells, cell-mediated immunity

71
Q

How can the paracortex area of the lymph node become enlarged?

A

T cell stimulation

72
Q

What are HEVs?

A

High endothelial venules

73
Q

Where can HEVs be found?

A

Paracortex of the lymph node

74
Q

What type of cells line the HEVs?

A

Cuboid

75
Q

What is the function of HEVs?

A

Facilitate/promote the passage of B and T cells into the lymph node from the blood

76
Q

HEVs represent an important cross over point between what two systems?

A

Circulatory and lymphatic systems

77
Q

What represents an important cross over point between blood and lymph?

A

High endothelial venules

78
Q

What virus thins the paracortex?

A

HIV

79
Q

What types of cells are found in the medulla region of the lymph node?

A

Reticular cells, macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, few T cells

80
Q

What is the primary cell type in the medulla area of the lymph node?

A

Plasma cells

81
Q

What activity is seen in the medulla of the lymph node?

A

Phagocytosis, some cell-mediated immunity, much humoral immunity because there is antibody secretion

82
Q

What are the areas of the lymph node of lower cell density?

A

Medullary sinuses

83
Q

What are the areas of the lymph node of high cell density?

A

Medullary cords between the sinuses

84
Q

What is another name for the paracortex of the lymph node?

A

Deep cortex

OrganHisto Exam One (7 decks)

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