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OrganHisto Exam One > Chapter Two - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter Two - Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

What is an example of a type of connective tissue whose function is to provide a medium for exchange?

A

Loose connective tissue

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1
Q

What are the general functions of connective tissue?

A

Provide structural support, provide a medium for exchange, defense/protection, storage of adipose

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2
Q

What is an example of a type of connective tissue whose function is to provide defense and protection?

A

Loose areolar

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3
Q

Most connective tissue is derived from where?

A

Mesenchyme

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4
Q

Support cells in connective tissue are separated by what structure and also produce it?

A

Matrix

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5
Q

Cells in connective tissue adhere to what structure?

A

Matrix

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6
Q

What makes up the ground substance of the extracellular matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)

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7
Q

What is an important characteristic about glycosaminoglycans?

A

Extremely hydrophilic

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8
Q

Keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate are examples of what type of GAGs?

A

Sulfated

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9
Q

Sulfated GAGs are covalently bonded to what substances?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

Hyaluronic acid is what type of GAG?

A

Non-Sulfated

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11
Q

Which type of GAG is a smaller molecule?

A

Sulfated

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12
Q

What type of GAG is a larger molecule, forms dense molecular networks, and holds a lot of water?

A

Non-Sulfated

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the excess water in non-sulfated GAGs?

A

Important for diffusion in some tissues

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14
Q

What are the positive aspects of inflammation?

A

Increased fluidity will aid cell movement, increased number of defensive cells

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15
Q

Where do the extra fluid and defensive cells come from during positive inflammation?

A

Leaky capillaries and venules

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16
Q

What is the negative aspect of inflammation?

A

Excessive swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves, and cells

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17
Q

What is the name for the excessive fluid remaining in the interstitial spaces during inflammation?

A

Edema

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18
Q

What is the most common connective tissue protein?

A

Collagen

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19
Q

What type of collagen accounts for 90% of the total body collagen?

A

Type I

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20
Q

What term refers to the ability to resist longitudinal stress?

A

Tensile strength

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21
Q

What connective tissue protein is known for its tensile strength but is unable to stretch?

A

Collagen

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22
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a pathology associated with improper production of which connective tissue protein?

A

Collagen

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23
Q

Unstable joints, hypermobility, and many dislocations are all symptoms and signs of what connective tissue condition?

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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24
Q

What effect does aging have on collagen fibers?

A

Fiber production slows, and fibers are weaker

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25
Q

What is necessary for the proper crosslinking within the collagen I fiber?

A

Vitamin C

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26
Q

What happens to collagen when there is not enough vitamin C?

A

Weaker collagen and more rapid fiber breakdown

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27
Q

What is the cause of scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

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28
Q

What produces elastic fibers?

A

Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

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29
Q

What makes up elastic fibers?

A

Elastin and microfibrils

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30
Q

Elastic fibers are important in what locations of the body?

A

Blood vessels and lungs

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31
Q

What types of fibers can stretch 150% of its resting length?

A

Elastic

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32
Q

What effect does aging have on elastic fibers?

A

Increased age results in decreased elastic fibers

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33
Q

What condition is characterized by undeveloped elastic fibers due to a defective fibrillin protein?

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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34
Q

What fiber is the same as collagen type III?

A

Reticular fibers

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35
Q

What type of fiber is easy to produce and unaffected by aging?

A

Reticular fibers

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36
Q

What is the first fiber produced during wound healing?

A

Reticular

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37
Q

Where are reticular fibers commonly found?

A

Liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

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38
Q

What type of fiber does not really have pathologies associated with it?

A

Reticular

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39
Q

Fibroblasts are usually derived from what type of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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40
Q

What is the most important type of cell seen in ordinary connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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41
Q

What is the special circumstance where fibroblasts actually divide?

A

During wound healing

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42
Q

When do fibroblasts change into chondrocytes?

A

During fibrocartilage formation

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43
Q

When do fibroblasts change into osteoblasts?

A

During certain pathologies

44
Q

What are the structural functions of fibroblasts?

A

Produce and maintain matrix, healing

45
Q

How do fibroblasts promote healing?

A

Scar formation and production of growth factors

46
Q

What type of connective tissue is a scar?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

What types of cells make up scars?

A

Fibrocytes

48
Q

When mature, is a scar vascular?

A

No, avascular

49
Q

Are scars as strong as the previous tissue?

A

No, only about 70%

50
Q

What are the defensive functions of fibroblasts?

A

Produce cytokines and enzymes, can phagocytize when needed

51
Q

What are the mature and less active (quiescent) fibroblasts that appear flat?

A

Fibrocytes

52
Q

What can fibrocytes produce?

A

Hyaluronic acid, ground substance, and reticular fibers

53
Q

What are fibrocytes unable to produce?

A

New collagen I and elastic fibers

54
Q

What is the general function of fibrocytes?

A

Maintenance of matrix

55
Q

Adipocytes are derived from what kind of cells?

A

Mesenchymal

56
Q

What do myofibroblasts primarily function in?

A

Wound healing and tooth eruption

57
Q

What are the general functions of adipocytes?

A

Lipid storage and regulation of energy metabolism

58
Q

What satiety hormone is produced by adipocytes in energy metabolism?

A

Leptin

59
Q

Are adipocytes typically well vascularized?

A

Yes

60
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Connective tissue and lymphatic tissues/organs (not really in the blood)

61
Q

Plasma cells are derived from what kinds of cells?

A

B lymphocytes

62
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of the nucleus of plasma cells?

A

Spherical clock faced nucleus

63
Q

<p>What is the function of plasma cells?</p>

A

<p>Produce antibodies</p>

64
Q

Which is the secretory antibody associated with epithelium?

A

IgA

65
Q

Which is the antibody associated with macrophages and neutrophils?

A

IgG

66
Q

Which is the antibody associated with mast cells and basophils?

A

IgE

67
Q

Which antibody is widely seen in the gut and nasal cavity?

A

IgA

68
Q

Residual bodies are seen in the cytoplasm of which cells?

A

Macrophages

69
Q

Which important defensive cell is derived from monocytes?

A

Macrophages

70
Q

Macrophages are a part of what system?

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) or Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

71
Q

What are examples of members of the MPS/RES?

A

Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, monocytes, microglia, Langerhans, osteoclasts

72
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis of debris or microbes, act as an APC, create foreign body giant cells, and release of cytokines

73
Q

What is formed by the permanent fusion of many macrophages?

A

Foreign body giant cells

74
Q

Foreign body giant cells form in response to what?

A

Sizeable foreign substance

75
Q

What are some pathogens that could trigger the formation of foreign body giant cells?

A

TB, leprosy, syphilis, granulomas, yaws

76
Q

What type of large cells contains cytoplasmic granules?

A

Mast cells

77
Q

What are mast cells derived from?

A

Bone marrow precursor

78
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Connective tissue proper, near small blood vessels, under epithelium

79
Q

From where were mast cells once thought to be derived?

A

Basophils

80
Q

What are the mediated functions of mast cells?

A

Inflammation, immediate hypersensitivity response, anaphylaxis, and asthma

81
Q

What actually is an immediate hypersensitivity response?

A

A simple allergy

82
Q

What primary mediator is released from mast cells?

A

Histamine

83
Q

What effect does histamine have when released?

A

Increased permeability of capillaries and venules

84
Q

What effect does vasodilation of arterioles and small arteries have?

A

Increased blood flow to a certain area

85
Q

What effect does histamine release have on smooth muscle?

A

Contraction of visceral smooth muscle

86
Q

What binds to and inactivates histamine?

A

Heparin

87
Q

Other mast cells release what product that has the same effect as heparin?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

88
Q

What is ECF that is released from mast cells?

A

Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor

89
Q

What is the effect of the release of ECF from mast cells?

A

Attraction of eosinophils

90
Q

What effect do eosinophils have on leukotrienes?

A

Inhibition

91
Q

What effect do eosinophils have on mast cell degranulation?

A

Inhibition

92
Q

What can eosinophils do to mast cell granules and IgE allergen complexes?

A

Phagocytize them

93
Q

What can be secreted by eosinophils?

A

Histaminase

94
Q

What can eosinophils destroy?

A

Parasitic worm larvae

95
Q

What is the NCF that is released by mast cells?

A

Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor

96
Q

What does NCF do?

A

Attracts neutrophils

97
Q

What is the effect of leukotrienes?

A

Same as histamine but more powerful (1000s of times)

98
Q

What can extend and amplify the effects of histamine?

A

Leukotrienes

100
Q

What stimuli will activate mast cells?

A

Direct mast cell trauma, phagocytosis, IgE allergen complex, complement process/molecules

101
Q

What structure of the ground substance is a protein core with many sulfated GAGs attached to it?

A

Proteoglycans

102
Q

Laminin and fibronectin are examples of what structure in the ground substance?

A

Adhesive glycoproteins

103
Q

What is another term for macrophages?

A

Histiocytes

104
Q

What is the appearance of the nuclei of macrophages?

A

Indented or kidney bean shaped

105
Q

All members of the MPS or RED are derived from where?

A

Bone marrow

106
Q

What is the “on switch” released by mast cells?

A

Histamine

107
Q

What is the “off switch” released by mast cells?

A

Heparin

108
Q

What is the function of heparin?

A

Binds to and inactivates histamine

109
Q

What structure has the overall function of limiting the effects of both histamine and leukotrienes?

A

Eosinophils

OrganHisto Exam One (7 decks)

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