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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter Two > Flashcards

Chapter Two Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has weight/mass.

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2
Q

Matter can exist as what?

A

solid
Liquid
Gas

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3
Q

What is an element?

A

The simplest form of matter that cannot be divided into smaller substances by natural means.

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4
Q

Oxygen

A

O

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5
Q

Carbon

A

C

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6
Q

Hydrogen

A

H

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7
Q

Nitrogen

A

N

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8
Q

What are the major elements?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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9
Q

What are the minor elements

A 
Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Sulfer
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
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10
Q

Calcium

A

Ca

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11
Q

Phosphorous

A

P

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12
Q

Potassium

A

K

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13
Q

Sulfer

A

S

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14
Q

Sodium

A

Na

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15
Q

Chlorine

A

Cl

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16
Q

Magnesium

A

Mg

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17
Q

Trace elements

A

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Iodine

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18
Q

Iron

A

Fe

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19
Q

Copper

A

Cu

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20
Q

Zinc

A

Zn

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21
Q

Iodine

A

I

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22
Q

What is a atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

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23
Q

What are the subatomic particles?

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons
Electrons (-)

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24
Q

Protons and neutrons are found where?

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Protons and neutrons determine what?

A

Atomic weight

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26
Q

The atomic weight of an atom tells us how many of what?

A

Protons

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27
Q

If an atom loses or gains an electron it becomes what?

A

Ion

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28
Q

If an atom has a different number of neutrons ate called what?

A

Isotope

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29
Q

First shell can contain how many electrons?

A

Two electrons

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30
Q

Second shell can contain how many electrons?

A

Eight electrons

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31
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Form when two or more atoms are joined together by chemical bonds

32
Q

What is a molecule of the element?

A

Two or more atoms of the same element are joined together

33
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more atoms from different elements are joined together.

34
Q

What is bonding?

A

How atoms are attached to one another.

35
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons.

36
Q

What is a ionic bond?

A

Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

37
Q

How do atoms stick together?

A

Electrostatic attraction

38
Q

What are cations?

A

Ions with a net positive charge

39
Q

What are anions?

A

Ions with a negative charge

40
Q

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

41
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

New and more complex molecule is made from multiple, simpler chemicals. More complicated

42
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Single complex chemical is broken down into multiple, simpler chemicals. Less complicated

43
Q

What is a exchange reaction?

A

Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. Combination of synthesis and decomposition reaction.

44
Q

What are the types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

45
Q

What are the factors that influence reaction rates?

A

Concentration
Temperature
Activation energy

46
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Special proteins that hold reactants together so they can interact.

47
Q

What is a inorganic molecule?

A

Do not contain hydrocarbon groups and often have ionic bonding.

48
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Contain hydrocarbon groups and are usually covalently bonded.

49
Q

What is a hydrophilic?

A

Chemicals dissolve well or mix with water

50
Q

What is a hydrophobic?

A

Chemicals do not mix well with waters.

51
Q

What is a electrolyte?

A

Substances that have ability to transmit an electrical charge.

52
Q

Acids

A

Substances that when added to water freely release hydrogen ions

53
Q

Bases

A

Substances that when added to water release a hydroxyl ion

54
Q

Lower numbers on a pH scale are what?

A

Acidic

55
Q

Higher numbers on a pH scale are what?

A

Basic

56
Q

What is the pH of neutral?

A

7

57
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

58
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Help cells maintain a neutral pH

59
Q

What four groups are in organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid

60
Q

Simple sugars are what?

A

Monosaccharides

61
Q

Hexose has how many carbon atoms?

A

6

62
Q

A pentose has how many carbon atoms?

A

5

63
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis?

A

Removal of water during a reaction

64
Q

What is a hydrolysis?

A

Is the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones by adding water.

65
Q

What is a glycoprotain?

A

When a molecule is formed out of a carbohydrate attached to a protein.

66
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipids?

A

Neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosinoids

67
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

All bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds

68
Q

What are unsaturated fatty bonds?

A

When there are some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms

69
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

Marcromolecule composed of proteins and lipids

70
Q

What is a basic ring structure that forms different steroids?

A

Cholesterol

71
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

72
Q

What does a amino acid do?

A

Makes each protein unique and defines the proteins function

73
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

Sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain

74
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

The natural bend of parts of the peptide chain as it is formed in three dimensions

75
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

Overall shape of a single protein molecule

76
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

When two or more tertiary structures join to form a complex macromolecule

77
Q

What are structural proteins for?

A

For adding strength to tissues or cells

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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