Chapter 4 Tissues Flashcards
Differentiation of cells has caused them to lose what ability?
Perform all of the metabolic functions
What is the study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues and organs?
Histology and micro anatomy
What are the four tissues in the body?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
What does the epithelial tissue do?
Covers and lines
What does the connective tissue do?
Provides support
What does the muscle tissue do?
Enables movement
What does the nervous tissue do?
Controls work
What are the 5 functions of epithelial tissue?
Protects, covers, and lines Filters biochemical substance Absorb nutrients Provide sensory input Manufactures secretions and excretions
What are the 2 ends of the polar epithelial cell?
Apical and basal surface
How does avascular epithelial tissue receive nourishment to stay alive?
Rely on underlying connective tissue to provide oxygen and nutrients
What are the 3 junctional complexes that bind adjacent epithelial cells?
Gap junction
Tight junction
Desmosome
What does the gab junction do?
Allow exchange and passage of ions and nutrients
What does tight junction do?
Prevent no leaks
What does desmosome do?
Connects the plasma membrane
The basement membrane serves to connect which types of tissue?
Epithelial cell to connective tissue
What is another name for the basement membrane?
Basal lamina
What function does keratin serve in an epithelial cell?
A protective waterproof substance
What is the function/purpose of microvilli?
Increases the surface area thereby increasing the absorptive ability of the cell
What two systems of the body are cilia found?
Respiratory and reproduction
When is the epithelial tissue considered stratified?
If there is more than one layer of cells
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
What 2 things can pass between simple squamous epithelial cells?
Gas or liquid
Glands are usually made of epithelial cells of what shape?
Cuboidal
What type of epithelium lines the GI tract and why does it have a brush border?
Simple columnar epithelial for absorption
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas of the body that are subject to what stresses?
Mechanical and chemical
Which type of epithelium is rare to find in the body?
Stratified columnar epithelium
All cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium touch what structure?
Basement membrane
What surface specialization is usually found on pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Luminal surface
Transitional epithelium is always associated with what system of the body?
Urinary Tract
What is special about transitional epithelium?
Ability to stretch, forms a leak proof membrane
Which type of gland contains ducts?
Exocrine
Which type of gland contains sinusoids?
Endocrine
What is the name of the cell that is unicellular exocrine gland? What does it produce?
Goblet cell
Produces mucus
What epithelial cell shape has the unicellular gland modified from?
Columnar
What type of epithelial cell is found in mammary glands and assists with the discharge of secretions into the ducts of the gland?
Myoepithelial
If the main duct of an exocrine gland is branched, it is called what?
Compound gland
In what type of exocrine gland do the cells lyse when it’s secretions are released?
Holocrine gland
What manner of secretion do most glands of the body utilize?
Mucous
Apical surface
Faces the lumen or body cavity
Basal surface
Faces the underlying connective tissue
Simple
Single layer of cells
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Line cavities
Blood vessels
Lungs
Kidneys
Where is simple cuboidal found
Glands
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Digestive track
What does the goblet cell do?
Manufacture and store mucus for lubrication
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Skin
Upper GI tract
Vagina
Rectum
Cuboidal cells
Are attached to the basement membrane. As they mature they are pushed to the surface away from nutrients an lose their cytoplasm and nuclei
Stratified cuboidal epithelium are found where?
Ducts of glands
Stratified columnar epithelium
Are rare.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
All attach to the basement membrane. Found in respiratory tract
Transitional epithelium are found where?
Urinary tract
Gland
A cell or group of cells thy have ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion
Endocrine glands
No ducts. Produce and secrete hormones that dump in bloodstream
Exocrine glands
Contain ducts, do not enter into the circulatory system
Unicellular exocrine gland: goblet cell
Ductless, secretes mucin, opens in GI tract, respiratory tracts, conjunctiva
Multicellular exocrine glands
Secretory unit
Duct
Secretory gland
Surrounded by connective tissue that provides nourishment and give structural support
Duct
Carries secretion to its deposit site
Simple
Main duct is unbranched
Compound
Main duct is branched
Merocrine
Glands packaged their secretions and release them via exocytosis as they are manufactured. Secretory glands remain intact
Apocrine
Glands store their secretions in the apex of the secretory cell after they are manufactured. Pinches off and releases secretions
Holocrine
Glands store their secretions until they are needed. Then explodes if needed
3 major components of connective tissue
Extra cellular fibers
Ground substance
Cells
Ground substance
Composed of glycoproteins called glycosaminoglyans. Shock absorbing
Collagenous
Resist pulling forces
Reticular
Thin, delicate, support for around highly cellular organs
Elastic
Composed of protein elastin, stretch
Fibroblast
Make the matrix of connective tissue blasts or hype cytes are not
Adipose cells
Fat!
Reticular cells
Net like connections with other cells
