Chapter Three Flashcards
What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have a nuclei
What 3 structures do all mammalian cell possess?
The cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
What type of lipid makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid
What part of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?
The heads is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic
What is the glycocalyx?
Gives the cell a fingerprint. A sugar coating on the outside of the cell.
What are two differences between cilia and flagella?
Cilia is shorter and moves synchronously moving mucus across the cell
What are the four principal components of cytoplasm?
Cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions
What are the three fibers that compose the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate fibers, and microfilaments
What do microtubules do?
Form secure cables to which mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory granules attach. Also can create new tracks
What do intermediate fibers do?
Resist pulling forces
What do microfilaments do?
Play role in the cells ability to change shape, break apart during cell division, and form outpochings and involutions
What is the significance of the nucleolus?
Where ribosomal subunits are made.
What is diffusion and is it an active or passive process?
The process of moving down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires the assistance of an integral protein or carrier protein located in the bi layer
What is the difference between a symport and antiport system?
Symport system is when substances are moved in the same direction.
What are the principal ions involved in maintaining a cells resting membrane potential?
Sodium and potassium
What are the 2 major periods that compose the life cycle of the cell?
Interphase, when the cell is growing, maturing, and differentiating. Mitotic phase, when the cell is actively dividing.
What are the four stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
DNA replicates during the synthetic phase of interphase
What are codons?
A set of three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies the incorporation of an amino acid into a polypeptide chain
What is the term mRNA formation?
Messenger RNA formation is transcription
What are the functional proteins that occur within the bilayer called?
Integral proteins
What are cell adhesion molecules (CAM)?
Sticky glycoproteins that cover cell surface. Helps cells move past one another
What are membrane receptors?
Integral proteins and glycoproteins that act as binding sites on the cell surface
What does the mitochondria do?
Produces a lot of energy. Can divide through fission.
What does endoplasmic reticulum do?
Rough er: involved in making proteins
Smooth er: stores lipids
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modification, packaging and distribution center
What do lysosomes do?
Break down nutrients into usable parts
What is chromatin?
Made up of DNA and globular proteins called histones
What are chromosomes?
Super coiled x shaped structures
