Chapter Two Flashcards
What is an atom?
the smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element
What are the components of an atom?
Protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (neutral)
What information is given on the periodic table?
atomic number, atomic mass, name, symbol, and other key information via color coding and organization
What is an isotope?
forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (different mass)
What are isotopes used for?
dating fossils, medical applications, etc.
What are electron shells?
the different energy levels of electrons that forms rings at specific distances from the nucleus
Why is the valence shell important?
it determines the chemical behavior of an atom and characterizes properties of elements
What are the different types of chemical bonds?
ionic, covalent, hydrogen, and van der Waals interactions
Which ones are strong chemical bonds?
ionic bonds: bonds between ions
covalent bonds: valence electron(s) shared between two elements
Which ones are weak chemical bonds?
hydrogen bonds: bond between the + polar charge of hydrogen in a molecule and the - polar charge of another molecule
van der Waals interactions: interaction between the temporary polar charges of covalent molecules
What is an orbital?
makes up the electron shells and determines the shape of a molecule (which impacts properties and function)
What is a chemical reaction?
the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to a change in the composition of matter
What are the components of a chemical reaction?
Reactant: starting materials
Product: resulting materials
Matter is conserved: atoms cannot be _______ or _________, only rearranged.
created, destroyed
What is chemical equilibrium?
point at which the opposite reactions offset each other; no net change in reactions
