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BSC1010C > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all of an organisms chemicall reactions

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2
Q

What is anabolic metabolism?

A

small molecules build into larger ones; energy requires

(e.g., photosynthesis)

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3
Q

What is catabolic metabolism?

A

large molecules broken into smaller ones; energy released

(e.g., cellular respiration)

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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of energy?

A
  • light (radiation)
  • kinetic
  • thermal
  • potential
  • kinetic
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5
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy assosciated with motion

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6
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy assosciated with the random movement of atoms of objects

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7
Q

Chemical energy is a type of _______ energy; what is it?

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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8
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy based on an objects location or structure

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9
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A
  • total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved
  • energy is not created or destroyed
  • energy can be transferredd or change forms
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10
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A
  • every energy transfer increases entropy (disorder) of the universe; randomness of matter increases
  • energy willl always be last from a system as heat in energy transfers or transforms
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11
Q

Spontaneous reactions…

A
  • need initial nudge of energy
  • proceeds without energy input
  • not necessarily fast
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12
Q

Non-spontaneous reactions…

A
  • need inital nudge of energy
  • needs energy to continue
  • slow reactions
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13
Q

Change in ____ ______ determines if a reaction is spontaneous or not

A

free energy

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14
Q

What change in free energy results in a spontaneous reaction?

A

negative ΔG

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15
Q

What change in free energy results in a non-spontaneous reaction?

A

0 or positive ΔG

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16
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

spontaneous reactions; energy outward, net release of energy

17
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A
  • non-spontaneous reactions; energy inward, absorbs free energy from surroundings
  • energy reequired
18
Q

What happens to a cell if it has a net change in free energy of 0?

A

it has reached equilibrium; cell has died

19
Q

What are the 3 kinds of work cells do?

A
  • chemical
  • transport
  • mechanical
20
Q

What is chemical work?

A

pushing endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

21
Q

What is transport work?

A

moving substances against gradients

22
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

largely motion/ movement

23
Q

What is energy coupling? What molecule is responsible?

A

using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one; ATP

24
Q

What are the main components of ATP?

A
  • ribose (a sugar)
  • nitrogenous base (adenine)
  • chain of 3 phosphate groups
25
Q

Why is ATP unstable?

A

the phosphate groups are easily broken

26
Q

What happens with ATP for cells to do work?

A

the unstable bond between phosphate groups is broken via hydrolysis to release energy

27
Q

How is ATP regenerated?

A

with the free energy of other exergonic (catabolic) reactions

28
Q

What is activation energy?

A

energy required to initiate a reaction

29
Q

What do catalysts do to reactions?

A

lower activation energy

30
Q

_______ are catalysts

A

enzymes

31
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A
  • change orientation of substance
  • substrate stretched to make breaking bondds easier
  • active site may provide a local micro environment that favors the reaction
  • amino acids in the active site participate in the reactions, but they are not changed
32
Q

What are cofactors?

A

helper molecules that assist with the catalytic activity

33
Q

What do inhibitors do?

A

inhibit or slow enzyme activity

34
Q

What are the 2 types of inhibitors?

A
  • competitive inhibitors: bond with the enzyme and block substrate from reaching the active site (positive)
  • non-competitive inhibitors: don’t compete w/ substrate for active site; bound to other areas of the enzyme and change its shape (negative)
35
Q

We often use negative inhibitors as a means of…?

A

poisoning other organisms

36
Q

What happens in feedback inhibition?

A

What sfinal product shuts down the pathway temporarily; prevent wasting resources by making more than is needed

37
Q

What is allosteric activation and inhibition?

A
  • polypeptite subunit each with an active site
  • complex has an active site and inactive shape
  • activating molecule binds to the complex stabilizing the active form
  • inhibitors bind to the complex stabilizing the inactive form
38
Q

What is cooperactivity?

A

substrate bound to one active site stabilizes other active sites in their active form

BSC1010C (11 decks)

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