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BSC1010C > Chapter Six > Flashcards

Chapter Six Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main properties of a microscope that influence the image?

A

magnification, resultion, contrast

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2
Q

What is magnification?

A

ratio of image size actual size; multiplication factor of size

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3
Q

What is resolution?

A

minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points; image clarity

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4
Q

What is contrast?

A

difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of microscopes?

A

compound light microscope, disseecting/stereo microscope, electron microscope

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6
Q

Which microscope inverts an image?

A

compound light microscope

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7
Q

How many SETS of lenses does a compound light microscope use to magnify an image?

A

2

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8
Q

Which microscope requires a specimen to be stained before use? Why?

A

compound light microscope; since cells are usually transparent

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9
Q

What is the magnification of a compound light microscope?

A

400x (1000x with oil immersion)

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10
Q

What is the best resolution of a compound light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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11
Q

What view (of a sample) does a compound light microscope provide?

A

thin 2D view of sample

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12
Q

What is the magnification of a dissecting/stereo microscope?

A

20x-80x

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13
Q

What view (of a sample) does a dissecting/stereo microscope provide?

A

3D view of sample

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14
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

A

scanning EM, transmission EM

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15
Q

In a scanning EM, electrons move ____ ___ _____ across a specimen

A

back and forth

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16
Q

Scanning EM renders details by __________

A

reflection

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17
Q

In a transmission EM, electron beams are….

A

transmitted through a specimen

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18
Q

Transmission EM provides….

A

details of internal structures

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19
Q

Electron microscopes have a ______ magnification and resolution

A

higher

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20
Q

What are the three domains of living organisms?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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21
Q

What are archaea?

A

single celled organisms without a nucleus, extremophiles, prokaryotes

formerly grouped with bacteria

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22
Q

What are bacteria?

A

all other prokaryotes aside from archaea

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23
Q

What are the kingdoms of eukarya?

A

animalia, plantae, fungi (FORMERLY protists)

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24
Q

What are cells?

A

basic unit of structure and function in a living organism

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25
Prokaryotes are generally _______ than eukaryotes. Why?
smaller; prokaryotes are single-celled
26
_Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes_: Which has a nucleus?
Eukaryotes
27
_Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes_: Which has organelles?
Eukaryotes
28
What are the 4 common components of all cells?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes
29
What is the **plasma membrane**?
outer covering separating the cells interior from its surroundings
30
What is the **cytoplasm**?
area between cell membrane, nucleus, and all components within this area | largely filled with cytosol: jellylike
31
What are **chromosomes**?
carry genes in the form of DNA (genetic material)
32
What are **ribosomes**?
particles that synthesize proteins
33
Characteristics of prokaryotic cells
- No nucleus but a nucleoid region - Smaller - Single celled
34
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
- Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles - Single or multi-celled - Usually larger
35
What is the **plasma membrane**?
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
36
What does the plasma membrane do?
- separates internal contents from the surrounding environment - regulate the passage of many substances; semipermeable
37
What is the benefit of the plasma membrane being semipermeable?
helps maintain internal condition
38
The _____ is typically the largest organelle
nucleus
39
What does the nucleus do?
- store DNA (chromosomes) - direct synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
40
What is **chromatin**?
DNA and proteins that form chromosomes
41
What is the **nucleolus**?
area where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced
42
What is the **nuclear envelope**?
double membrane forming outermost portion of the nucleus
43
What does the nuclear envelope do?
controls passage of ions and molecules between the interior of the nucleus and cytoplasm
44
What are **ribosomes**?
structures that make proteins
45
True organelles must be _____ _________
membrane bound
46
Which ribosomes (free or bound) are suspended in cytosol and make proteins utilized in cytosol?
free
47
Which ribosomes (free of bound) are embedded in the ER and make proteins that are inserted into membranes or packed into organelles?
bound
48
What is the **endomembrane system**?
group of membranes and membrane bound organelles
49
What does the endomembrane system do?
- direct connection or transfer via vesicles - synthesis/transport of proteins - metabolism and movement of lipids - detoxification of poisons
50
What is included in the endomembrane system?
- smooth ER - rough ER - golgi apparatus - lysosomes - vacuoles/vesicles
51
What is the **rough ER**?
interconnected membranous tubules and sacs connectedd to the nuclear envelope
52
What does the rough ER do?
- modify proteins and synthesize lipids - assist in making membranes
53
What is the **smooth ER**
interconnected membranous tubules
54
What does the smooth ER do?
- makes lipids, steriod hormones, and carbohydrates - detoxifies medicines and poisons - stores calcium ion
55
The _____ _______ is assosciated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
golgi apparatus
56
What does the golgi apparatus do?
- sorts, tags, packagaes, and distributes lipids and protiens - synthesizes polysaccharides in plants
57
_Cis or trans_: ____ face recieves vesicles from the ER
cis
58
_Cis or trans_: ____ face sends vesicles to other areas
trans
59
What are **lysosomes**?
the cell's garbage and recycling center
60
What do lysosomes do?
- break down various molecules and worn out organelles - can destroy disease causing organisms - may break down material consumed by cell
61
What are **vacuoles**?
large vesicles made in the ER and golgi apparatus
62
What do vacuoles do?
- store food particles - maintain water levels and ion concentrations - store various organic compoundsd (e.g., proteins, toxins, pigments)
63
What is the **central vacuole**?
large vacuole in plant cells
64
What does the central vacuole do?
- maintain turgor pressure; influences cell rigidity - plays roles in growth, storage, and sequestriation of toxic substances
65
What is the **mitochondria**?
the site of cellular respiration; energy factory of the cell
66
What does the mitochondria do?
makes ATP by breaking down glucose
67
What are **chloroplasts**?
the site of photosynthesis
68
What do chloroplasts do?
- convert sunlight into chemical energy - produce glucose and oxygen
69
What does the cytoskeleton do?
provides a structureal framework for a cell
70
What are **flagella**?
long, hairlike structures extending from the cell membrane
71
What does the flagella do?
aid in cell movement
72
What are **cillia**?
short, hairlike structures (often numerous)
73
What do cillia do?
- aid in cell movement - move substances along the cell's surface
74
What kind of cells have a cell wall?
Plant cells; prokaryotes, some protists, and fungi
75
What does the cell wall do?
- protect the plant cell - maintains shape - prevents excess uptake of water
76
What do cell junctions do?
aid in interaction and communication between cells via physical contact

BSC1010C (11 decks)

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