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BSC1010C > Chapter Six > Flashcards

Chapter Six Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main properties of a microscope that influence the image?

A

magnification, resultion, contrast

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2
Q

What is magnification?

A

ratio of image size actual size; multiplication factor of size

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3
Q

What is resolution?

A

minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points; image clarity

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4
Q

What is contrast?

A

difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of microscopes?

A

compound light microscope, disseecting/stereo microscope, electron microscope

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6
Q

Which microscope inverts an image?

A

compound light microscope

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7
Q

How many SETS of lenses does a compound light microscope use to magnify an image?

A

2

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8
Q

Which microscope requires a specimen to be stained before use? Why?

A

compound light microscope; since cells are usually transparent

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9
Q

What is the magnification of a compound light microscope?

A

400x (1000x with oil immersion)

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10
Q

What is the best resolution of a compound light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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11
Q

What view (of a sample) does a compound light microscope provide?

A

thin 2D view of sample

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12
Q

What is the magnification of a dissecting/stereo microscope?

A

20x-80x

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13
Q

What view (of a sample) does a dissecting/stereo microscope provide?

A

3D view of sample

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14
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

A

scanning EM, transmission EM

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15
Q

In a scanning EM, electrons move ____ ___ _____ across a specimen

A

back and forth

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16
Q

Scanning EM renders details by __________

A

reflection

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17
Q

In a transmission EM, electron beams are….

A

transmitted through a specimen

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18
Q

Transmission EM provides….

A

details of internal structures

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19
Q

Electron microscopes have a ______ magnification and resolution

A

higher

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20
Q

What are the three domains of living organisms?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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21
Q

What are archaea?

A

single celled organisms without a nucleus, extremophiles, prokaryotes

formerly grouped with bacteria

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22
Q

What are bacteria?

A

all other prokaryotes aside from archaea

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23
Q

What are the kingdoms of eukarya?

A

animalia, plantae, fungi (FORMERLY protists)

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24
Q

What are cells?

A

basic unit of structure and function in a living organism

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25
Q

Prokaryotes are generally _______ than eukaryotes. Why?

A

smaller; prokaryotes are single-celled

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26
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes: Which has a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes

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27
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes: Which has organelles?

A

Eukaryotes

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28
Q

What are the 4 common components of all cells?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes

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29
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

outer covering separating the
cells interior from its surroundings

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30
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

area between cell membrane, nucleus, and all components within this area

largely filled with cytosol: jellylike

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31
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

carry genes in the form of DNA (genetic material)

32
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

particles that synthesize proteins

33
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • No nucleus but a nucleoid region
  • Smaller
  • Single celled
34
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • Single or multi-celled
  • Usually larger
35
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

36
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A
  • separates internal contents from the surrounding environment
  • regulate the passage of many substances; semipermeable
37
Q

What is the benefit of the plasma membrane being semipermeable?

A

helps maintain internal condition

38
Q

The _____ is typically the largest organelle

A

nucleus

39
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • store DNA (chromosomes)
  • direct synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
40
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

41
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

area where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced

42
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane forming outermost portion of the nucleus

43
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

controls passage of ions and molecules between the interior of the nucleus and cytoplasm

44
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

structures that make proteins

45
Q

True organelles must be _____ _________

A

membrane bound

46
Q

Which ribosomes (free or bound) are suspended in cytosol and make proteins utilized in cytosol?

A

free

47
Q

Which ribosomes (free of bound) are embedded in the ER and make proteins that are inserted into membranes or packed into organelles?

A

bound

48
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

group of membranes and membrane bound organelles

49
Q

What does the endomembrane system do?

A
  • direct connection or transfer via vesicles
  • synthesis/transport of proteins
  • metabolism and movement of lipids
  • detoxification of poisons
50
Q

What is included in the endomembrane system?

A
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles/vesicles
51
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

interconnected membranous tubules and sacs connectedd to the nuclear envelope

52
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A
  • modify proteins and synthesize lipids
  • assist in making membranes
53
Q

What is the smooth ER

A

interconnected membranous tubules

54
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A
  • makes lipids, steriod hormones, and carbohydrates
  • detoxifies medicines and poisons
  • stores calcium ion
55
Q

The _____ _______ is assosciated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

golgi apparatus

56
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A
  • sorts, tags, packagaes, and distributes lipids and protiens
  • synthesizes polysaccharides in plants
57
Q

Cis or trans: ____ face recieves vesicles from the ER

A

cis

58
Q

Cis or trans: ____ face sends vesicles to other areas

A

trans

59
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

the cell’s garbage and recycling center

60
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
  • break down various molecules and worn out organelles
  • can destroy disease causing organisms
  • may break down material consumed by cell
61
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

large vesicles made in the ER and golgi apparatus

62
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A
  • store food particles
  • maintain water levels and ion concentrations
  • store various organic compoundsd (e.g., proteins, toxins, pigments)
63
Q

What is the central vacuole?

A

large vacuole in plant cells

64
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A
  • maintain turgor pressure; influences cell rigidity
  • plays roles in growth, storage, and sequestriation of toxic substances
65
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

the site of cellular respiration; energy factory of the cell

66
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

makes ATP by breaking down glucose

67
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

the site of photosynthesis

68
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A
  • convert sunlight into chemical energy
  • produce glucose and oxygen
69
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

provides a structureal framework for a cell

70
Q

What are flagella?

A

long, hairlike structures extending from the cell membrane

71
Q

What does the flagella do?

A

aid in cell movement

72
Q

What are cillia?

A

short, hairlike structures (often numerous)

73
Q

What do cillia do?

A
  • aid in cell movement
  • move substances along the cell’s surface
74
Q

What kind of cells have a cell wall?

A

Plant cells; prokaryotes, some protists, and fungi

75
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A
  • protect the plant cell
  • maintains shape
  • prevents excess uptake of water
76
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

aid in interaction and communication between cells via physical contact

BSC1010C (11 decks)

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