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BSC1010C > Chapter Nine > Flashcards

Chapter Nine Flashcards

1
Q

Energy enters biological systems as ________ and eventually leaves as _____

A

sunlight, heat

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2
Q

Matter is ________ with biological systems

A

recycled

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3
Q

Photosynthesis uses ________ to convert _____ and ______ _______ into more complex molecules

A

sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Cellular respiration uses _______ molecules and _____ to create ATP

A

organic, oxygen

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5
Q

ATP is used for ________ ____

A

cellular work

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6
Q

Fermentation and cellular respiration are _______ (exergonic and spontaneous)

A

catabolic

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7
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

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8
Q

Aerobic respiration ______ directly do work; intermediate ATP is used for work

A

doesn’t

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9
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

an oxidation-reduction reaction

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10
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons from one substance

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11
Q

What is reduction?

A

addition of electrons to another substance

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12
Q

Energy from a fuel ______ be harnessed efficiently if it is all released at once

A

cannot

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13
Q

Energy breaks down in a _________ manner to avoid explosion

A

step-wise

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14
Q

What happens in the electron tranport chain?

A

NADH passes its gained electron to the top of the chain that ends in oxygen –> there is a controlled fall of electrons to harness freed energy –> regenerates ATP

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15
Q

What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyrucate oxidation and citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
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16
Q

What is the result of a redox reaction?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group to ADP

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18
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

glucose (sugar) broken into 2-3 carbon molecules; sugar splitting

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19
Q

Glycolysis takes place ______ of mitochondria (cytosol); rest of respiration _______ mitochondria

A

outside, inside

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20
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

21
Q

In pyruvate oxidation, energy is changed to a __ ______ intermediate form before entering the _____ ______

A

2 carbon, Krebs cycle

22
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules and NADH are released per pyruvate in pyruvate oxidation?

A

one

23
Q

What does the citric acid (Krebs cycle) do?

A

convert each carbon on the 2-carbon intermediate into carbon dioxide

24
Q

How many ATP are produced per pyruvate in the Krebs cycle?

A

one ATP

25
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 are produced per pyruvate in the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH and 2 FADH2

26
Q

Each glucose gets ____ full cycles

A

2; one for each pyruvate

27
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron carrier (NADH and FADH2) pass electrons down a chain (lower energy at each level) eventually ending at oxygen

28
Q

What happens with the released energy in the electron transport chain?

A

released energy pumps hydrogen ions across inner mitochondrial membrane

29
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

an energy coupling mechanism

30
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis?

A
  • hydrogen ions moce down concentratin gradient back across membrane via ATP synathse
  • catalyzes phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (attaches a phosphate group to ADP)
31
Q

What is the net ATP of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

32
Q

What is the net ATP of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP

33
Q

What is the net ATP of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26-28 ATP

34
Q

What is the (total) net ATP of cellular respiration?

A

30-32 ATP

35
Q

What is the net energy of cellular respiration?

A

about 34% of total energy harvested from glucose oxidation

- would have been less if it occured all at once (rest lost as heat)

36
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

the generation of ATP without oxygen

37
Q

__________ is sometimes considered a simple term of anaerobic respiration

A

Fermentation

38
Q

True anaerobic respiration uses a _________ molecule as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

non-oxygen

- commonly a sulfate ion

39
Q

What is fermentation?

A

glycolysis and some way to regenerate NAD+

40
Q

What is the net ATP for each glucose molecule in fermentation?

A

2 ATP

41
Q

What are 2 common types of fermentation?

A
  • Alcohol: produces carbon dioxide
  • Lactic acid: does not produce carbon dioxide
    - quick means of energy production when oxygen levels are low
42
Q

Glycolysis accepts a range of __________

A

carbohydrates

43
Q

__________ and __________ are broken into glucose and other simple sugars

A

disaccharides and polysaccharides

44
Q

________ are mainly used as a source of amino acids but can be used as a fuel

A

proteins

45
Q

Proteins are broken down into _____ _____, then convertedd to intermediates of ________ and the ________ cycle

A

amino acids, glycolysis, citric acid

46
Q

____ are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

A

fats

47
Q

_______ is convervet to a glycolysis intermediate

A

glycerol

48
Q

_____ _____ are broken into 2-carbon sections that enter the citric acid cycle

A

fatty acids

BSC1010C (11 decks)

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