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Psychology 121 > Chapter Twelve > Flashcards

Chapter Twelve Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Motivation

A

An inferred process within a person that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

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2
Q

What are the four central areas of motivation?

A

Food, love, sex, achievement.

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3
Q

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

A

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake.

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4
Q

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

A

The pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as money or fame.

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5
Q

What is a Set Point?

A

A genetically influenced weight range for an individual; it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

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6
Q

Mutations in what gene may cause obesity is some people?

A

Ob gene; causes fat cells to secure protein called leptin.

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7
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

Alters brain chemistry that influences eating habits, strengthens neural circuits in hypothalamus that reduce appetite. Crucial role in early life development by altering the brain chemistry that influences how much a person eats and the set point.

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8
Q

What are the Environmental Influences on Weight?

A
  1. Increased abundance of fast food and processed food
  2. The widespread consumption of high-sugar, high-calorie soft drinks
  3. Sharp decline of exercise
  4. The increased portion sizes of food and drink
  5. Abundance of highly varied foods
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9
Q

What is Bulimia?

A

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating following by forced vomiting or use of laxatives.

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10
Q

What is Anorexia?

A

An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

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11
Q

What is the Homeostasis Theory?

A

The overall set point is influenced by the whole of an individual, maintained by psychological, biological, and social mechanisms that regulate food intake.

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12
Q

Is it weight or fitness?

A

Many researchers believe that individuals who are overweight and physically fit are actually healthier than individuals who are sedentary and thin.

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13
Q

What are the Influences on Eating Disorders?

A
  1. Presence of extremely thin television stars
  2. Genetic mutations/set points that conflict with cultural standards
  3. Cultural expectations to be more “manly” or “motherly”
  4. Unrealistic standards of beauty
  5. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, perfectionism
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14
Q

What is the difference between passionate love and companionate love?

A

Passionate love: whirlwind of intense emotions and sexual passion
Companionate love: characterized by affection and trust

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15
Q

When do neurological origins of love being?

A

In infancy with attachment relationships with the mother with key neurotransmitters and hormones such as oxytocin and endorphins being involved.

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16
Q

What are Endorphins?

A

Chemical substances in the nervous system that are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory; act as opiates.

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17
Q

What is the Need for Affiliation?

A

The motive to associate with other people, as by seeking friends, companionship, or love.

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18
Q

What is the Proximity Effect?

A

The people who are nearest to you geographically are more likely to be dearest to you.

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19
Q

What is the Similarity Effect?

A

Similarity - in looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality, and interests - is attractive to human beings; we tends to choose friends and lovers similar to us.

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20
Q

What is the Attachment Theory of Love?

A

People’s attachment styles as adults derive in large part from how their parents cared for them.

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21
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A

That ideal love involves passion-euphoria and sexual excitement-intimacy, and commitment.

22
Q

What is the distribution of three basic styles of attachment among adults?

A

64% = secure, 25% = avoidant, 11% = anxious.

23
Q

In regards to culture, gender, and love, what do males and females respond similarly to?

A

Love at first sight, passionate love, companionate love, unrequited love, being securely/insecurely attached, being the break-up recipient.

24
Q

In regards to culture, gender, and love, how are females and males different?

A

In how they express love (men: doing, women: saying) and how they define intimacy (men: hanging out, women: sharing feelings).

25
Q

What hormone promotes sexual desire in both sexes?

A

Testosterone.

26
Q

Arousal and Orgasm: what do social psychologists suggest?

A

That male sexual behaviour is more biologically determined while female sexual desires and responsiveness are more affected by circumstances.

27
Q

What are the main six categories for motives for sex?

A
  1. Pleasure
  2. Intimacy
  3. Insecurity
  4. Partner Approval
  5. Peer Approval
  6. Attaining a Goal
28
Q

What are possible motivations for rape?

A
  1. Peer approval
  2. Anger, revenge, or desire to dominate and humiliate the victim
  3. Narcissism and hostility toward women
  4. Contempt for victim and a sadistic pleasure in inflicting pain
29
Q

What are Sexual Scripts?

A

A set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group.

30
Q

What happens when men are rare?

A

Men are more likely to have multiple sexual partners, there are increased divorce rates, increased single-parent families, and women become more independent.

31
Q

What happens when women are rare?

A

Men vie for wives, divorce rates drop, both sexes have fewer sexual partners, and women become more dependent. Large numbers of young, unemployed, and unattached males lead to societies that are more vulnerable to disruption and violence.

32
Q

What are not factors that explain homosexuality?

A
  1. Smothering mother
  2. Absent father
  3. Emotional problems
  4. Same-sex childhood play
  5. Parental practices
  6. Role models
  7. Seduction by an older adult
33
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

A subjective, projective test that asks respondent to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconscious motives, such as the need for achievement, power, or affiliation.

34
Q

What is the Need for Achievement?

A

A learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area. Difficult to measure empirically.

35
Q

A goal is more likely to improve motivation when:

A

The goal is specific, the goal is challenging but achievable, the goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than what you do not want.

36
Q

What are approach goals?

A

Goals framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences, such as learning to scuba dive.

37
Q

What are avoidance goals?

A

Goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences, such as trying not to look foolish in public.

38
Q

What are performance goals?

A

Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favourably, and avoiding criticism. When people do badly, they often stop trying to improve.

39
Q

What are mastery (learning) goals?

A

Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills. Powerful intrinsic motivators.

40
Q

What is a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

A

An expectation that come true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about.

41
Q

What is Self-Efficacy?

A

A person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals.

42
Q

What the Effects of Work on Motivation?

A

Working conditions and opportunities to achieve.

43
Q

What working conditions improve job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction?

A
  1. Work feels meaningful and important
  2. Employees have some control
  3. Tasks are not repetitive
  4. Company maintains clear and consistent rules
  5. Employees have supportive work relationships
  6. Useful feedback
  7. Opportunities are available for growth
44
Q

What is the Approach-Approach Conflict?

A

When one is equally attracted to two activities or goals.

45
Q

What is the Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict?

A

Having to choose between the lesser of two evils.

46
Q

What is the Approach-Avoidance Conflict?

A

One activity or goal has both positive and negative elements.

47
Q

What are at the bottom of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Basic survival: food, sleep, water. Physiological needs.

48
Q

What is the second level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Safety needs: shelter and security.

49
Q

What is the third level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Social needs: belonging and affection.

50
Q

What is the fourth level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Esteem needs: self respect and respect of other, status, power.

51
Q

What is the top of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Self-actualization and self-transcendence. Fulfill one’s potential.

52
Q

What are the Universal Psychological Needs?

A

Autonomy; feeling choices are based on true interests and values, Competence; feeling able to master hard challenges, Relatedness; feeling close to others who are important to you, Self-esteem; self-respect.

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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