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Psychology 121 > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Social Norms?

A

Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.

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2
Q

What are Social Roles?

A

A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.

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3
Q

What is Culture?

A

A program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of the community.

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4
Q

What did the Milgram experiment conclude about obedience?

A

That obedience was more a function of the situation than personality.

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5
Q

What is Entrapment?

A

A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.

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6
Q

What is Social Cognition?

A

An area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and beliefs. Deals with attributions and attitudes.

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7
Q

What is Attribution Theory?

A

The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behaviour by attributing causes of that behaviour to a situation or a disposition.

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8
Q

What is a Situational Attribution?

A

Identifying the cause of an action as something in the situation or environment.

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9
Q

What is a Dispositional Attribution?

A

Identifying the cause of an action as something in the person, such as trait or motive.

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10
Q

What is is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

The tendency, in explaining other people’s behaviour, to overestimate the personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.

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11
Q

What are two examples of self-serving biases?

A
  1. The bias to choose the most flattering and forgiving attributions of our own lapses
  2. The bias that the world is fair
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12
Q

What is the Just-World Hypothesis?

A

The notion that the world is fair and that justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people rewarded.

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13
Q

What is blaming the victim?

A

A dispositional attribution that perhaps the victim deserved the act.

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14
Q

What is an Attitude?

A

A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities; either explicit, ones we are aware of, or implicit, we are unaware of them.

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15
Q

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

A

A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour.

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16
Q

What is the Familiarity Effect?

A

The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus, due to being more familiar with it.

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17
Q

What is the Validity Effect?

A

The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times.

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18
Q

What does Brainwashing imply?

A

That a person has had a sudden change of mind without being aware of what is happening. It actually involves coercive persuasion designed to suppress and individual’s ability to reason, critically think, and make choices.

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19
Q

What are some of the key processes of coercive persuasion?

A
  1. The person is subjected to entrapment
  2. The person’s problems are explained by one simple attribution that is repeatedly emphasized
  3. The person is offered a new identity and is promised salvation
  4. The person’s access to disconfirming (dissonant) information is severely controlled
20
Q

What is Groupthink?

A

The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement; an extreme form of conformity.

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Groupthink?

A
  1. An illusion of invulnerability
  2. Self-censorship
  3. Pressure on dissenters to conform
  4. An illusion of unanimity
22
Q

What is meant by Diffusion of Responsibility?

A

In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume others will.

23
Q

What is Bystander Apathy?

A

In crowds, individuals often fail to take action because they assume someone else will do it.

24
Q

What is Deindividuation?

A

In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one’s own individuality. Can lead to diffusion of responsibility.

25
Q

What are situational factors involved in the decision to behave courageously?

A
  1. You perceive the need for intervention or help
  2. Cultural norms encourage you to take action
  3. You have an ally
  4. You become entrapped
26
Q

What is a Social Identity?

A

The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation.

27
Q

What is an Ethnic Identity?

A

A person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group.

28
Q

What is Acculturation?

A

The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture.

29
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others, creating categories of “us” and “not-us”.

30
Q

What policy is effective in reducing ethnocentrism?

A

Interdependence in reaching mutual goals.

31
Q

What is a Stereotype?

A

A summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral).

32
Q

In what three ways to stereotypes distort reality?

A
  1. They exaggerate differences between groups
  2. They produce selective perception
  3. They underestimate differences within the stereotyped group
33
Q

What is a Prejudice?

A

A negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group; a feeling that remains immune to evidence.

34
Q

What are the Psychological causes of Prejudice?

A

Prejudice often serves to ward off feelings of doubt, fear, and insecurity. Used as a tonic for low self-esteem, or used as a scapegoat to replace feelings of powerlessness.

35
Q

What is Terror Management Theory?

A

The idea that prejudice may help people defend against the existential fear of death.

36
Q

What are the Social causes of Prejudice?

A

Prejudices acquired through the pressure to conform to views of peers or from generation to generation.

37
Q

What are Economic causes of Prejudice?

A

Prejudices make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate by justifying the dominance, status, or wealth of a majority group.

38
Q

What are Cultural and National causes of Prejudice?

A

Prejudice bonds people to their own ethnic or national group because by disliking “them” we feel closer to “us”.

39
Q

What are ways to measure implicit prejudice?

A
  1. Social Distance - reluctance to get “too close” to another group
  2. What people do when they are stressed or angry - causing them to reveal unexpressed prejudices
  3. Brain activity
  4. Implicit attitudes - Implicit Associations Test
40
Q

What methods may reduce prejudice?

A
  1. Giving both sides equal legal status, economic opportunities, and power
  2. Authorities and community institutions must provide moral, legal, and economic support for both sides
  3. Both sides must have opportunities to work together, both formally and informally - contact hypothesis
  4. Both sides must cooperate, working together toward a common goal
41
Q

Factors that cause people to obey:

A
  1. Allocating responsibility to the authority
  2. Routinizing the task
  3. Wanting to be polite
  4. Becoming entrapped
42
Q

What factors influence attitude change?

A
  1. Change in social environment
  2. change in behaviours
  3. Due to need for consistency
43
Q

What ia an individualistic culture?

A

Where individual goals and wishes are prized above duty to and relation to others.

44
Q

What is a Collectivist Culture?

A

Harmony with the group is prized above individuality.

45
Q

Define Altruism

A

Willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others, seen as a matter of personal conviction and conscience.

46
Q

Define Dissent

A

The expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially held.

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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