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Psychology 121 > Chapter Eleven > Flashcards

Chapter Eleven Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Emotion

A

A state of arousal involving (psychological) facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, cultural influences, and tendencies toward action.

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2
Q

What are Primary Emotions?

A

Emotions that are considered to be universal and biologically based; fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.

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3
Q

What are Secondary Emotions?

A

Emotions that are specific to certain cultures.

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4
Q

What is Facial Feedback?

A

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.

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5
Q

What do regions of the right prefrontal cortex deal with?

A

The impulse to withdraw or escape.

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6
Q

What do regions of the left prefrontal cortex deal with?

A

The motivation to approach others.

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7
Q

What part of the brain is involved in the regulation of emotion?

A

Parts of the prefrontal cortex; it helps us modify and control our feelings.

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8
Q

What small structure in the brain’s limbic system plays a key role in emotion?

A

The amygdala. Plays a role especially in anger and fear. Assesses danger or threats.

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9
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action; they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions.

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10
Q

What is Epinephrine?

A

A hormone that provides energy for emotion; excitement.

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11
Q

What is a Polygraph Machine?

A

Lie detector, based on the assumption that a lie generates emotional arousal. Can measure galvanic skin response, pulse/blood pressure, breathing, fidgeting.

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12
Q

What is Schadenfreude?

A

A feeling of joy at another’s misfortune. Secondary emotion.

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13
Q

What is Hagaii?

A

Helpless anguish tinged with frustration. Secondary emotion.

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14
Q

What is Mehameha?

A

A trembling sensation felt when ordinary sensations are suspended. Secondary emotion.

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15
Q

What is the general consensus on primary emotions compared to secondary emotions?

A

All human are capable of feeling primary emotions but individuals may differ in their ability to experience secondary emotions, usually linked to how their culture describes those emotions.

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16
Q

What are Display Rules?

A

Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express or suppress emotions.

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17
Q

Define Body Language

A

Nonverbal signals or body movement, posture, gesture, and gaze; usually specific to particular languages and cultures.

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18
Q

What is Emotional Work?

A

Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.

19
Q

What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

A series of physiological reactions to stress occurring in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

20
Q

What is the Alarm Phase of stress?

A

The body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet the immediate threat. Fight or flight.

21
Q

What is the Resistance Phase of stress?

A

The body attempts to resist or cope with a stressor that cannot be avoided. The physiological responses of the alarm phase continue.

22
Q

What is the Exhaustion Phase of stress?

A

Persistent stress depletes the body of energy, increasing vulnerability to physical problems and illness.

23
Q

What is the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis?

A

A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.

24
Q

What is Psychoneuroimmunology? (PNI)

A

The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous system, endocrine systems, and the immune system.

25
Q

What is the Locus of Control?

A

A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).

26
Q

What do people with internal locus of control believe?

A

That they are responsible for what happens to them.

27
Q

What do people with external locus of control believe?

A

That their lives are controlled by luck, fate, or other people.

28
Q

What is Primary Control?

A

An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a “fighting back” philosophy.

29
Q

What is Secondary Control?

A

An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; a “learn to live with it” philosophy.

30
Q

What is Emotion-Focused Coping?

A

Concentrating on the emotions the problem caused.

31
Q

What is Problem-Focused Coping?

A

Once the problem is identified, the coper can learn as much as they can about it to gain a feeling of control and speed up recovery.

32
Q

What are 3 Effective Coping Methods?

A
  1. Reappraising the situation
  2. Learning from the experience
  3. Making social comparisons
33
Q

What factors can increase the risk of illness?

A

Environmental, experiential, biological, psychological, behavioural, and social.

34
Q

What is a Social Isolate?

A

A person who is unable to experience emotion or a complete/near-complete lack of contact with people and society.

35
Q

What are the 3 elements of emotion?

A

The body, mind, and culture.

36
Q

What are the three biological areas of emotion?

A

Facial expressions, brain regions and circuits, and autonomic nervous system.

37
Q

What two factors are needed for an emotion?

A

Physiological arousal and cognitive label/interpretation.

38
Q

What does Emotional Reactivity mean?

A

How one reacts to emotion. Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than men, but men experience emotion events more intensely. Conflict is more physiologically upsetting for men.

39
Q

Whose autonomic nervous system is more reactive?

A

Males, they are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts while women are more likely to ruminate and maintain depression.

40
Q

What factors influence one’s ability to read emotional signals?

A
  1. Sex of the sender and receiver
  2. How well they know each other
  3. How expressive the sender is
  4. Who has the power
  5. Stereotypes and expectations
41
Q

What is the Relaxation Response?

A

A mentally active process that leaves the body relaxed. Best done in an awake state and is trainable.

42
Q

What is Mood Contagion?

A

Emotions are contagious and can spread from person to person as facial expressions generate emotions in others.

43
Q

Define Optimism

A

A general expectation that things will go well despite setbacks. Associated with better health relative to pessimists.

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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