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ANAT 315 > Chapter Three: The Spine > Flashcards

Chapter Three: The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column consists of 30 vertebrae

A

(7) cervical vertebrae: in the neck
(12) thoracic vertebrae: in the thorax
(5) lumbar vertebrae: in the lower back
(5) fused sacral vertebrae: in the sacrum
(1) or (2) coccygeal vertebrae: in the coccyx or tail bone

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2
Q

Vertebral structure two main parts

A
  • Body and a disc
  • Vertebral arch
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3
Q

Vertebral body and disc

A

bodies articulate vertically with each other via intervertebral discs

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4
Q

Annulus Fibrosis

A

outer fibrocartilage cortex

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5
Q

Nucleus pulposus (part of disc)

A

pulpy inner core (medulla)

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6
Q

Intervertebral disc consists of

A
  • annulus fibrosis
  • disc
  • nucleus pulposus
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7
Q

Elements of the vertebral arch

A
  • pedicles
  • lamina
  • vertebral foramen
  • vertebral canal
  • infravertebral notch
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8
Q

Vertebral arch: pedicles

A
  • bony processes that attach on each side of the body
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9
Q

Vertebral arch: lamina

A

connects to the pedicles anteriorly and to each other posteriorly

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10
Q

Vertebral arch: vertebral foreamen

A

the arch and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body

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11
Q

Vertebral arch: vertebral canal

A

vertical cylinder made up of all the vertebral foramina
- where the spinal cord runs through

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12
Q

Vertebral arch: infravertebral notch

A

formed by the body and the vertebral arch
- where pedicle meets pedicle

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13
Q

Processes of the vertebral column

A
  • articular process
  • transverse process
  • spinous process
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14
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: articular process

A
  • inferior articular process and superior articular process
  • they form the joint (apophyseal)
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15
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: transverse process

A
  • serves as attachments for muscles
  • in thorax serves as attachments for ribs
  • projects laterally
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16
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: spinous process

A
  • single process that projects backwards
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17
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A
  • where the spinal nerves enter and exit the column
  • very critical if damaged
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18
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

(7) cervical vertebrae C1-C7

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19
Q

The atlas

A
  • C1
  • holds up the skull
  • has larger vertebral foramen and little to no body
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20
Q

The axis

A
  • C2
  • prominent feature is the dens
  • fits into the extra space of C1
  • permits rotation of the head
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21
Q

Transverse ligament

A
  • holds dens to atlas
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22
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • where C1 attaches to the occipital condyles
23
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • oval and thin
  • spinous processes are bifid (split in two posteriorly)
  • discs are thick because neck is flexible
  • contain transverse foramen
24
Q

Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen

A
  • allows for passage of vertebral artery and vein
25
Thoracic vertebrae
- (12) thoracic vertebrae - bodies are heart shaped and thicker than cervical vertebral bodies - spinous process is more inferior - apophyseal joints are oriented coronally
26
Thoracic vertebrae: transverse costovertebral joints
- formed by joint facets for the ribs
27
Lumbar vertebrae
- L1 - L5 - bodies and discs are thick and kidney shaped - lumbar part is flexible - apophyseal joints are oriented sagittally allowing for flexion and extension - lower discs are most likely to be damaged
28
Sacrum
- S1-S5 - located between the right and left iliac bones and forms the pelvis - top of the sacrum S1 joins last lumbar vertebra L5 together
29
Sacroiliac joint
- joins the sacrum (axial skeleton) to the hipbone (appendicular skeleton)
30
Curvatures of the vertebral column
Cervical: convex anteriorly (secondary) Thoracic: concave anteriorly (primary) Lumbar: convex anteriorly (secondary) Sacral: concave anteriorly (primary)
31
Primary vs secondary curvatures
primary: curvatures present in the fetus secondary: curvatures develop after birth
32
Kyphosis
excessive curvature in the upper thoracic region (hunchbacks)
33
Lordosis
excessive curvature in the lumbar region (lower region)
34
Scoliosis
coronal malcurvature of the spine to one or both sides
35
The longitudinal ligaments
- 2 that run the whole length of the spinal column
36
The longitudinal ligaments: anterior longitudinal ligament
- the stronger of the two ligaments - runs down the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
37
The longitudinal ligaments: posterior longitudinal ligament
- runs down along the dorsal aspects of the vertebral bodies in the vertebral canal
38
Ligaments of the arches: ligamentum flavum
- joins the laminae of the vertebrae - deep within the neural arches - made up of elastic tissue and can stretch - runs between vertebral arches
39
Ligaments of the arches: interspinous ligaments
- connect adjacent spinous processes - strong in the lumbar region - goes between the spines
40
Ligaments of the arches: supraspinous ligaments
- connects the tip of one spinous process with another - cord-like structure
41
Ligaments of the arches: ligamentum nuchae
- the ligament of the neck - contains a lot of elastic tissue - thick and important in maintaining head posture
42
Ligaments of the arches: intertransverse ligaments
- connects the transverse processes with each other
43
Muscles of the neck
- include the splenius capitis and the semispinalis capitis - both take origin from the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral arches
44
Muscles of the neck: semisplenius capitis
- inserts on the occipital bone - covers the small muscles of the suboccipital region
45
Muscles of the neck: splenius capitis
- runs obliquely and insets onto the mastoid process - extends the head and turns the head
46
Muscles of the back
Split into two groups: superficial and deep Superficial: consists of the erector spinae muscles Deep: involves the tiny transversospinalis msucles
47
Muscles of the back superficial group: Spinalis
sits against the spine (median)
48
Muscles of the back superficial group: Longissimus
long starts further down (goes up the middle)
49
Muscles of the back superficial group: Ilioscotalis
starts on the illum (pelvis) and is the most lateral
50
Muscles of the back deep group: transversospinalis
- these muscles lie deep to the most medial column of the erector spinae - consist of small slips of muscle running down from the spine to transverse processes three or four levels below
51
Actions of the muscles of the back
- these muscles extend along the entire vertebral column and aid in posture - the deep group produces localized lateral rotation
52
Innervation of back muscles: dorsal rami
- all vertebral muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves - exits from the intervertebral foramina at each spinal level
53
Innervation of back muscles: ventral rami
- anterior division of a spinal nerve - supply antero-lateral parts of the trunk and limbs - larger than dorsal rami

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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