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ANAT 315 > Chapter Four: The Upper Limb > Flashcards

Chapter Four: The Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

The axilla

A
  • space between the upper rib cage and the humerus
  • the arm pit
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2
Q

Inside the axilla

A
  • blood vessels, nerves and fat
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3
Q

Walls of the axilla

A
  • lateral wall
  • medial wall
  • posterior wall
  • anterior wall
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4
Q

Lateral wall of the axilla

A
  • bicipital groove
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5
Q

Medial wall of the axilla

A
  • serratus muscle (sits over ribs)
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6
Q

Posterior wall of the axilla

A
  • subscapularis muscle
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7
Q

Anterior wall of the axilla

A
  • 2 pectoralis muscles
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8
Q

Arteries of the axilla: arterial trunk

A
  • passes downwards though axilla and name changes as it goes through
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9
Q

arteries of the axilla: subclavian artery

A
  • passes under the clavicle and enters the apex of the axilla
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10
Q

arteries of the axilla: axillary artery

A
  • sends three branches to the main axillary walls
  • supplies deltoid muscle via the posterior humeral circumflex artery
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11
Q

arteries of the axilla: brachial artery

A
  • when blood vessel leaves the axilla
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12
Q

branches of the axillary artery

A

lateral thoracic artery: to medial wall
thoracoacromial artery: to anterior wall
subscapular artery: to posterior wall

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13
Q

Veins of axilla

A

Venae comitantes: veins that accompany
- group of two or three veins
- travel in the axillary sheath
- empty into the subclavian vein

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14
Q

Lymph nodes of axilla

A
  • several groups of interconnected lymph nodes
  • pathway in the spread of cancer from the upper limbs from the breast
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15
Q

the brachial plexus number of roots, trunks, etc.

A
  • (5) roots
  • (3) trunks
  • (6) divisions
  • (3) cords
  • (5) branches
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16
Q

brachial plexus: roots

A
  • C5
  • C6
  • C7
  • C8
  • T1
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17
Q

brachial plexus: trunks

A
  • upper, middle, lower
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18
Q

brachial plexus: divisions

A
  • anterior and posterior
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19
Q

brachial plexus: cords

A
  • lateral cord, medial cord, posterior cord
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20
Q

brachial plexus: branches (nerves)

A
  • radial nerve
  • axillary nerve
  • musculotaneous nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • median nerve
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21
Q

brachial plexus nerves: radial nerve

A
  • biggest nerve
  • comes from C5-C8 and T1 (all roots)
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22
Q

brachial plexus nerves: axillary nerve

A
  • comes from C5 and C6
  • goes to top of arm (deltoid)
  • abduction of shoulder
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23
Q

brachial plexus nerves: musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • comes from C5, C6, C7
  • goes to top muscles in the arm
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24
Q

brachial plexus nerves: ulnar nerve

A
  • comes from C8 and T1
  • goes to lower part of arm and hand
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25
brachial plexus nerves: median nerve
- comes from C5-C8 and T1 (all roots)
26
somatotopism
- upper, middle and lower innervations usually stay consistent throughout whole arm
27
minor nerves: dorsal scapular nerve
- comes from C5 - goes to rhomboid major and minor
28
minor nerves: long thoracic nerve
- comes from C5, C6, C7 - goes to serratus anterior
29
minor nerves: suprascapular nerve
- comes from upper trunk C5 and C6 - goes to rotator cuff muscles - abduction of shoulder - supraspinatus
30
minor nerves: lateral pectoral nerve
- comes from C5, C6, C7 - goes to pectoralis major
31
minor nerves: upper and lower subscapular nerve
- comes from C5 and C6 - subscapularis and teres major (rotator cuff muscles)
32
minor nerves: thoracodorsal nerve
- comes from C6, C7 and C8 - goes to latissimus dorsi
33
minor nerves: medial pectoral nerve
- comes from C8 and T1 - goes to pectoralis major and minor
34
minor nerves: medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and forearm
- comes from C8 and T1 - cutaneous sensation of the arm and forearm
35
position of scapula
- sits between T2 and T7
36
borders of scapula
- superior border - medial border - lateral border
37
angles of scapula
- superior angle - inferior angle - lateral angle
38
glenoid fossa of scapula
articulates with the head of the humerus
39
suprascapular notch
where blood vessels and nerves run through
40
coracoid process
in the lateral angle
41
spine of the scapula
- posterior ridge - turns into the acromion
42
acromion
- forms the point of the shoulder - forms acromioclavicular joint
43
subscapular fossa
- anterior face (slightly concave) - subscapularis muscle originates here
44
infraspinous fossa
- below the spine - posterior face (slightly concave)
45
supraspinous fossa
- depression above the spine - posterior face (slightly concave)
46
clavicle ends: round end
- articulates with sternum at sternoclavicular joint
47
clavicle ends: flat end
- articulates with scapula at acromioclavicular joint - this connection is the only articular attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton
48
proximal humerus head
- articulates with glenoid fossa forming the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
49
proximal humerus neck(s)
anatomical neck: located right under the head surgical neck: located further down and is where most fractures occur
50
muscles attaching the axial skeleton to the scapula
- serratus anterior - trapezius - levator scapula - the rhomboids (major and minor)
51
serratus anterior: origin and insertion
origin: upper 9 ribs insertion: medial border of scapula
52
serratus anterior: protraction and innervation
protraction: pulls scapula forward and upward rotation of glenoid fossa innervated: by long thoracic nerve (C8 and T1)
53
trapezius: origin and insertion
origin: occipital bone insertion: scapula (clavicle and acromion)
54
trapezius: fibres and innervation
- upper, middle and lower aspect - upper and lower fibres elevate shoulder and rotate glenoid fossa upwards - middle fibres depress shoulder and rotate glenoid fossa upwards - innervated by cranial nerve 9 (spinal accessory nerve)
55
levator scapula: origin and insertion
origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 insertion: upper medial border of scapula
56
levator scapula: elevation and innervation
- elevation of scapula and depression of glenoid fossa - innervated by branches of nerves C3 and C4
57
rhomboids major: origin and insertion
origin: spinous processes of T2 - T5 insertion: lower third of medial scapular border
58
rhomboids major: elevation and innervation
- elevate and retract the scapula and aid in depressing glenoid fossa -innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (c5)
59
rhomboids minor: origin and insertion
origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of c7 and t1 insertion: middle of the medial border of the scapula
60
rhomboids minor: elevation and innervation
- elevate and retract the scapula and aid in depressing glenoid fossa - innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (c5)
61
muscles attaching the axial skeleton to the humerus
- latissimus dorsi - pectoralis major - pectoralis minor
62
lattisimus dorsi: origin and insertion
origin: ilium insertion: bicipital groove of the humerus
63
lattisimus dorsi: role and innervation
- powerful extensor, adductor and medial rotator - innervated by thoracododorsal nerve
64
pectoralis major: origin and insertion
origin: clavicular head (at clavicle) and costal head (at ribs) insertion: lateral lip of bicipital groove on humerus
65
pectoralis major: role and innervation
- adducts, flexes and medially rotates the arm - innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves
66
pectoralis minor: origin and insertion
origin: ribs 3-5 insertion: coracoid process of the scapula
67
pectoralis minor: role and innervation
- stabilize and pull upward and forward on the rib cage - innervated by the medial pectoral nerve
68
Muscles attaching the girdle to the humerus
- deltoid - teres major - rotator cuff (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor)
69
deltoid: origin and insertion
origin: on distal clavicle to acromion and spine of scapula insertion: deltoid tuberosity
70
deltoid: fibres role and innervation
- anterior fibres flex, middle fibres abduct and posterior fibres extend - innervated by axillary nerve
71
teres major: origin and insertion
origin: lower back insertion: medial lip of occipital groove
72
teres major: role and innervation
- extends, abducts and medially rotates the arm - innervated by lower subscapular nerve
73
rotator cuff muscles
- subscapularis - infraspinatus - supraspinatus - teres minor
74
subscapularis: origin and insertion
origin: subscapular fossa of scapula insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
75
subscapularis: role and innervation
- medial rotator and adductor - innervated by subscapular nerve
76
supraspinatus: origin and insertion
origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula insertion: top facet of greater tubercle
77
supraspinatis: role and innervation
- abduction - innervated by suprascapular nerve
78
infraspinatus: origin and insertion
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle
79
infraspinatus: role and innervation
- laterally rotates the humerus - innervated by suprascapular nerve
80
teres minor: origin and insertion
origin: lower lateral border of the scapula insertion: inferior facet of the greater tubercle
81
teres minor: role and innervation
- lateral rotator - innervated by the axillary nerve
82
muscles attaching to the bicipital groove
lateral lip (crest of the greater tuberosity) : pectoralis major. floor: latissimus dorsi medial lip (crest of the lesser tuberosity): teres major
83
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- synovial, triaxial and ball and socket joint - involves flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation
84
bones involved in shoulder joint
scapula and humerus
85
labrum
- type of cartilage found in the shoulder joint - articular contact is enhanced by a lip of fibrocartilage surrounding perimeter of the glenoid fossa
86
capsule and ligaments of glenohumeral joint
- capsule is loose inferiorly - ligaments are weak around the joint - coracohumeral is the only strong ligament
87
blood and nerve supply of the glenohumeral joint
- large complex of anastomosis around joint supplying blood - most arteries come from the axillary artery - branches of the nerves that cross the joint innervate it
88
scapulo-thoracic joint
- increases mobility and flexibility of the shoulder joint - basically the scapula moving around - scapula can be raised (elevated) - scapula can be lowered (depressed) - scapula can be moved laterally (protraction) - scapula can be moved medially (retraction)
89
muscles that move the scapula
elevators: rhomboids, levator scapula, upper trap depressors: lower trap upward rotation: upper trap, serratus anterior downward rotation: levator scapula, rhomboids
90
sternoclavicular joint
- synovial joint between the clavicle (rounded end) and the manubrium (superior part of sternum) - only joint connecting upper limbs to rest of skeleton - joint forms from medial end of clavicle fitting into large notch on the manubrium - joint permits circumduction
91
sternoclavicular ligament
- smaller and more medial of the two ligaments - reinforces the sternoclavicular joint
92
costoclavicular ligament
- larger more lateral of the two ligaments - runs up from the first rib to the proximal clavicle
93
acromioclavicular joint
- joint is easily damaged (separated shoulder) - articulation of the distal clavicle with the medial facing part of the acromion process on the scapula - contains small fibrocartilage disc - reinforced by the coracoclavicular ligament
94
radial nerve (proximal humerus)
- occupies the spiral groove as it passes distally to the arm
95
radius
- proximal radius has circular head - held close to the ulna by the annular ligament
96
radial tubercle
- distal to the neck on the medial side of the proximal radius
97
ulna
- proximal ulna gas a forward facing wrench shaped notch called the trochlear notch - proximal process is the olecranon process - distal process is the coronoid process
98
radial notch
- lateral side of the proximal ulna where the head of radius rotates
99
anterior compartment of the arm
- biceps and brachialis insert into the forearm - coracobrachalis inserts onto the humerus - all muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
100
coracobrachialis
- small muscle originating on the tip of the coracoid process - inserting halfway down the medial side of the humerus - minor adductor
101
brachialis
- small muscle originating on the flat surface of the distal humerus - fibres congregate to insert on the tubercle of the ulna distal to the elbow - powerful elbow flexor
102
Biceps Brachii
- powerful flexor and supinator - two headed muscle of the arm - two heads fuse halfway down the humerus - the long head and the short head long: originates on small tubercle above the glenoid fossa on the supraglenoid tubercle short: originates from the coracoid process
103
radial aponeurosis
- thin tendon - fans out medially over the top of the forearm flexors - does not insert on a bone
104
posterior compartment of the arm
- extensor compartment only one muscle: the three headed triceps branchii and the anconeus muscle
105
aponeurosis
- three heads coalesce on lower part of the bone - gives rise to stout tendon - crosses behind the elbow to insert on the olecranon of the ulna - muscle is the extensor of the elbow joint and is innervated by the radial nerve
106
triceps brachii: origin and insertion
origin: infraglenoid tubercle insertion: on olecranon - long head originates on the infraglenoid tubercle (small tubercle under the glenoid fossa) - medial head is deep - lateral head comes from proximal humerus
107
the elbow joint
- between the arm and forearm bones - synovial hinge joint and uniaxial joint - movements include flexion and extension only - flexion of the biceps and brachialis - extension of the triceps
108
bones of the elbow joint
- proximal end of the head of the radius (concave), articulates with the rounded capitulum of the humerus - medially, trochlear notch of the ulna grasps the trochlea of the humerus (medial aspect of joint that allows flexion and extension only)
109
muscles of the elbow joint
flexors: brachialis, biceps brachii and brachioradialis extensors: triceps brachii
110
capsule of the elbow
- joint capsule covers the elbow joint and the proximo radioulnar joint - distally, capsule lies deep to the annular ligament around the radius - attaches to the olecranon of the ulna on the posterior surface
111
ligaments of the elbow
- strong collateral ligaments - medial collateral ulnar ligament is fan shaped, running from the medial epicondyle fanning out onto the ulna - lateral radial collateral ligament is thinner and cord like - comes from lateral epicondyle and goes to annular ligament - ligaments prevent abduction of the elbow
112
blood and nerve supply
- innervated by branches from all of the major nerves passing by it
113
bursae
- small synovial, fluid filled capsules that are found in areas where there could be friction - several around the elbow

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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