Chapter One: Intro to Gross Anatomy

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by the side, hands down, palms forward and fingers and thumbs unclenched

Question 2

Superior and Inferior

Answer 2

Superior: is above (shoulder is superior to the hip)
Inferior: is below (spine is inferior to the skull)

Question 3

Medial and Lateral

Answer 3

Medial: is towards the centre (chest is medial to the arm)
Lateral: is towards the sides (arm is lateral to the chest)

Question 4

Anterior and Posterior

Answer 4

Anterior: is the front of the body (sternum is anterior to heart)
Posterior: is the back of the body (heart is posterior to the sternum)

Question 5

Proximal and Distal

Answer 5

Proximal: is close to body attachment
Distal: is further away from the body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)

Question 6

Superficial and Deep

Answer 6

Superficial: is closer to the body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: is further into the body (muscles are deep to the skin)

Question 7

Horizontal/Transverse

Answer 7

Any section perpendicular to the vertical plane, splits the body into top and bottom sections

Question 8

Coronal/Frontal

Answer 8

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, front and back sections

Question 9

Sagittal

Answer 9

Divides the body into right and left portions

Question 10

Connective tissues: What are ligaments?

Answer 10

Connect one bone to the next
- found around joints
- responsible for joint integrity

Question 11

Connective tissues: What are tendons?

Answer 11

Connect muscle to bone
- equally as strong as ligaments
- some are long, some are short

Question 12

Supporting tissues: What are the bone layers?

Answer 12

Outer cortical layer: made up of compact bone (hard and strong)
Inner layer: made up of cancellous bone (spongy)
Medullary Cavity (medulla): made up of hematopoeitic blood (deepest part of the bones)

Question 13

Parts of the bone: Diaphysis

Answer 13

Is a long shaft, usually but does not always have an epiphysis at each end

Question 14

Parts of the bone: Epiphysis

Answer 14

Found on each end, making up the articular joint surfaces of the bone

Question 15

Parts of the bone: Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 15

Is the growth plate

Question 16

Parts of the bone: Nutrient Foramina

Answer 16

Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave

Question 17

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 17

-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle

Question 18

Types of muscle: What is smooth muscle?

Answer 18

Found in: the Digestive Tract, Urinary Tract and Reproductive System
- it is an involuntary/not under conscious control striated muscle
- thick and thin filaments

Question 19

Types of muscle: What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 19

Found: only in the Heart
- the rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Types of muscle: What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 20

Found: throughout the body, attached to bones via tendons
- voluntary muscle, under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of the somatic nervous system
- composed of long fibres (cells)

Question 21

Skeletal muscle terminology: Origin

Answer 21

Is the attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment) that is stationary during movement

Question 22

Skeletal muscle terminology: Insertion

Answer 22

Is the attachment of the muscle by a tendon, into the bone (more distal than origin)

Question 23

Skeletal muscle terminology: Motor Unit

Answer 23

Is a group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve

Question 24

Types of tissues: Simple Epithelial

Answer 24

One layer of cells thick

Question 25

Types of tissues: Stratified Epithelium

Answer 25

Multiple layers of cells thick

Question 26

Types of tissues: Squamous Epithelium

Answer 26

Flat cells - lines blood vessels and blood cavities

Question 27

Types of tissues: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 27

Cubic cells - found in glandular secreting tissue and kidney tubules

Question 28

Types of tissues: Columnar Epithelium

Answer 28

Tall tissue - covers the intestinal tract from the end of the esophagus to the beginning of the rectum - lines the ducts of many glands

Question 29

Types of Tissues: Superficial Fascia

Answer 29

Forms the insulating layer of the skin

Question 30

Types of tissues: Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 30

- made up of cells and fibres - makes up superficial fascia of gross anatomy - fills spaces of the body, has many structural metabolic and immune functions

Question 31

Types of tissues: Adipose Tissue

Answer 31

Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells

Question 32

Cartilage: What is Cartilage

Answer 32

Type of supporting and connective tissue - it is softer and more pliable than bones - it receives nutrients through diffusion

Question 33

Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 33

Most common tissue - covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum - precursor of bones

Question 34

Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage

Answer 34

Very flexible tissue - covers external ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube

Question 35

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

Answer 35

Inelastic cartilage - very tough - covers intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

Question 36

2 basic nervous tissue cells

Answer 36

Neurons: active cells Glia: supporting cells

Question 37

What are the 3 parts of a Neuron?

Answer 37

1. cell body 2. axon 3. dendrites

Question 38

What is Myelin?

Answer 38

Forms the myelin sheath - this wraps around the axon

Question 39

What are the 4 Glial Cell types?

Answer 39

1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microcytes 4. ependymal cells

Question 40

Cell types: Astrocytes

Answer 40

Largest population of glia - star-like - interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries

Question 41

Cell Types: Oligodendrocytes

Answer 41

Forms insulation for axons in the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 42

Cell Types: Microcytes

Answer 42

Central nervous system 'clean up' cells that remove debris

Question 43

Cell Types: Ependymal cells

Answer 43

Specialized cells lining the ventricles of the central nervous system

Question 44

What is Synapses?

Answer 44

Points of contact between neurons - how one neuron communicates with the other - uni- directional

Question 45

Types of nerves: What are the two types of nerves?

Answer 45

1. efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres) 2. afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)

Question 46

Types of nerves: Somatic nerves

Answer 46

Going to a skeletal muscle