Chapter One: Intro to Gross Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by the side, hands down, palms forward and fingers and thumbs unclenched
Superior and Inferior
Superior: is above (shoulder is superior to the hip)
Inferior: is below (spine is inferior to the skull)
Medial and Lateral
Medial: is towards the centre (chest is medial to the arm)
Lateral: is towards the sides (arm is lateral to the chest)
Anterior and Posterior
Anterior: is the front of the body (sternum is anterior to heart)
Posterior: is the back of the body (heart is posterior to the sternum)
Proximal and Distal
Proximal: is close to body attachment
Distal: is further away from the body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)
Superficial and Deep
Superficial: is closer to the body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: is further into the body (muscles are deep to the skin)
Horizontal/Transverse
Any section perpendicular to the vertical plane, splits the body into top and bottom sections
Coronal/Frontal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, front and back sections
Sagittal
Divides the body into right and left portions
Connective tissues: What are ligaments?
Connect one bone to the next
- found around joints
- responsible for joint integrity
Connective tissues: What are tendons?
Connect muscle to bone
- equally as strong as ligaments
- some are long, some are short
Supporting tissues: What are the bone layers?
Outer cortical layer: made up of compact bone (hard and strong)
Inner layer: made up of cancellous bone (spongy)
Medullary Cavity (medulla): made up of hematopoeitic blood (deepest part of the bones)
Parts of the bone: Diaphysis
Is a long shaft, usually but does not always have an epiphysis at each end
Parts of the bone: Epiphysis
Found on each end, making up the articular joint surfaces of the bone
Parts of the bone: Epiphyseal Plate
Is the growth plate
Parts of the bone: Nutrient Foramina
Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave
What are the three types of muscle?
-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle
Types of muscle: What is smooth muscle?
Found in: the Digestive Tract, Urinary Tract and Reproductive System
- it is an involuntary/not under conscious control striated muscle
- thick and thin filaments
Types of muscle: What is cardiac muscle?
Found: only in the Heart
- the rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Types of muscle: What is skeletal muscle?
Found: throughout the body, attached to bones via tendons
- voluntary muscle, under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of the somatic nervous system
- composed of long fibres (cells)
Skeletal muscle terminology: Origin
Is the attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment) that is stationary during movement
Skeletal muscle terminology: Insertion
Is the attachment of the muscle by a tendon, into the bone (more distal than origin)
Skeletal muscle terminology: Motor Unit
Is a group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve
Types of tissues: Simple Epithelial
One layer of cells thick
Types of tissues: Stratified Epithelium
Multiple layers of cells thick
Types of tissues: Squamous Epithelium
Flat cells
- lines blood vessels and blood cavities
Types of tissues: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Cubic cells
- found in glandular secreting tissue and kidney tubules
Types of tissues: Columnar Epithelium
Tall tissue
- covers the intestinal tract from the end of the esophagus to the beginning of the rectum
- lines the ducts of many glands
Types of Tissues: Superficial Fascia
Forms the insulating layer of the skin
Types of tissues: Loose Connective Tissue
- made up of cells and fibres
- makes up superficial fascia of gross anatomy
- fills spaces of the body, has many structural metabolic and immune functions
Types of tissues: Adipose Tissue
Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells
Cartilage: What is Cartilage
Type of supporting and connective tissue
- it is softer and more pliable than bones
- it receives nutrients through diffusion
Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
Most common tissue
- covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum
- precursor of bones
Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage
Very flexible tissue
- covers external ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube
Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Inelastic cartilage
- very tough
- covers intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
2 basic nervous tissue cells
Neurons: active cells
Glia: supporting cells
What are the 3 parts of a Neuron?
- cell body
- axon
- dendrites
What is Myelin?
Forms the myelin sheath
- this wraps around the axon
What are the 4 Glial Cell types?
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microcytes
- ependymal cells
Cell types: Astrocytes
Largest population of glia
- star-like
- interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries
Cell Types: Oligodendrocytes
Forms insulation for axons in the central nervous system (CNS)
Cell Types: Microcytes
Central nervous system ‘clean up’ cells that remove debris
Cell Types: Ependymal cells
Specialized cells lining the ventricles of the central nervous system
What is Synapses?
Points of contact between neurons
- how one neuron communicates with the other
- uni- directional
Types of nerves: What are the two types of nerves?
- efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres)
- afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)
Types of nerves: Somatic nerves
Going to a skeletal muscle
