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ANAT 315 > Chapter Five: The Leg > Flashcards

Chapter Five: The Leg Flashcards

1
Q

Leg bones: Fibula

A
  • straight narrow shaft extending distally from its neck
  • ends in the lateral malleolus that provides the lateral wall of the ankle socket
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2
Q

lateral and medial malleoli

A
  • together with the inferior tibial articular surface forms the socket for the ankle joint
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3
Q

fibula

A
  • has a sharp medial interosseous border that provides attachment for the interosseous membrane
  • separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg
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4
Q

Leg bones: tibia

A
  • weight-bearing bone of the leg
  • shaft is triangular and stout
  • sharp anterior border and sharp lateral interosseous border
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5
Q

medial border of tibia

A
  • not as pronounced
  • medial surface is superficial
  • the shaft flares out distally giving rise to the talar articular surface
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6
Q

distal end tibia

A
  • has a medial tuberosity extending down called the medial malleolus
  • this is a large hump at the inside of the ankle
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7
Q

posterior tibia

A
  • has a prominent soleal line
  • runs downwards and medially
  • provides attachment for soleus muscle
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8
Q

how many tarsal bones?

A
  • 7
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9
Q

the talus and calcaneus

A
  • the first two
  • both very large
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10
Q

the talus

A
  • articulates with the leg
  • body has an upper round articular surface for the ankle joint
  • distal to the body is the narrow part which is the neck
  • neck is naturally capped by the head
  • head articulates with the navicular bone
  • below talus is the articular surface for the talocalcaneal joint
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11
Q

the calcaneus

A
  • is the bone of the heel
  • largest tarsal bone
  • articulates with the talus, navicular and cuboid bones
  • runs below talus
  • has a shelf like process medially called the sustentaculum tali which supports the talus
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12
Q

the navicular

A
  • articulates with the head of the talus
  • articulates laterally with the cuboid bone
  • articulates anteriorly with the three cuneiforms
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13
Q

the cuboid

A
  • articulates with the calcaneus
  • articulates with metatarsal four and five
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14
Q

the cuneiforms

A
  • three of them
  • wedge shaped
  • connect the navicular with metatarsals one, two and three
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15
Q

metatarsals

A
  • the big toe (hallux) has no capability of opposition but bears half the weight load for each foot
  • has no saddle joint
  • stout base
  • other metatarsals are much thinner and all have round heads for the MTP joints
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16
Q

phalanges

A
  • smaller but similar to hand ones
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17
Q

the leg muscles

A
  • made up of compartments like the thigh
  • anterior posterior and lateral compartments
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18
Q

anterior compartment

A
  • contains the extensors (dorsi flexors)
  • muscles draw toes upwards
  • all take origin from leg bones and interosseous membrane and insert on the dorsum of the foot
  • innervated by the deep peroneal nerve which is a branch of the common peroneal nerve
19
Q

the lateral compartment

A
  • contains the two peronei
  • these muscles are evertors (turn the sole out)
  • they originate on the fibula
  • insertion on the foot
  • innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve
20
Q

the posterior compartment

A
  • contains the flexors or plantar flexors
  • they originate on the leg bones and interosseous membrane
  • inserts onto the heel and sole of the foot
  • innervated by the tibial nerve
21
Q

tibialis anterior

A
  • powerful muscle
  • originating from the upper two thirds of the tibia and the adjoining interosseous membrane
  • thick tendon runs down in front of the ankle underneath the extensor retinaculum
  • inserts on the first cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal
  • powerful dorsi flexor and inverter
22
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A
  • long extensor of the big toe
  • originates in the middle half of the outside of the fibula
  • tendon crosses the ankle lateral to tibialis anterior
  • runs up the back of the toe
  • inserts on the base of the distal phalanx
23
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A
  • long extensor of the digits
  • originates from most of the length of the fibula and interosseous membrane
  • single tendon crosses the ankle and splits into four tendons, one for each of the lateral four toes
  • the peroneus tertius is a separate tendon that separates from the main bulk of the muscle
  • it crosses the ankle and inserts on the base of the fifth metatarsal
  • peronei everts and extends
24
Q

extensor digitorum brevis

A
  • muscle is located on the dorsum of the foot
  • sends four tendons to the medial four toes
  • arises from the upper calcaneus near the cuboid
  • medial tendon inserts on the proximal phalanx of the big toe (extendor hallusis brevis)
  • the other three insert on their extensor expansions
  • muscle is innervated by a branch of the deep peroneal nerve which passes into the foot
25
Q

the lateral compartment: peroneus longus

A
  • long evertor of the foot
  • originates from the head and upper two thrids of the fibula
  • tendon passes behind the lateral malleolus and runs under the sole of the foot
  • inserts on the medial side at the base of the first metatarsal and first cuneiform
  • plantar flexes and everts
26
Q

the lateral compartment: peroneus brevis

A
  • short evertor
  • originates on the distal two thirds of the fibula
  • deep to the peroneus longus
  • tendon runs behind the lateral malleolus before inserting onto the top of the base of the fifth metatarsal
27
Q

the posterior compartment: sub groups

A
  • 2 sub groups
  • the superficial group
  • the deep group
  • nerve to all the muscles in the compartment is the tibial nerve
28
Q

the superficial group

A

contains
- the gastrocnemius
- the soleus
- the plantaris

29
Q

superficial group: gastrocnemius

A
  • wide fleshy superficial muscle
  • two bellies originating from the femoral condyles
  • inserting via a large tendon called the tendocalcaneus
  • inserts on the calcaneus on the heel
  • flexes the ankle and the knee at different times
30
Q

superficial group: soleus

A
  • wide muscle with a large flat tendon
  • originates from the back of the head of the fibula and the soleal line of the tibia
  • there is an arch between the two origins allowing vessels and nerves to pass through
  • flat tendon inserts into the tendocalcaneus
  • muscle is a strong ankle flexor
31
Q

superficial group: plantaris

A
  • has a tiny belly and thin tendon
  • belly is attached to the lateral femoral condyle
  • tendon runs between the gastrocnemius and the soleus
  • inserts on the Achilles tendon
32
Q

the deep group

A

contains
- the popliteus
- tibialis posterior
- flexor hallucis longus
- felxor digitorum

33
Q

the deep group: popliteus

A
  • originates behind the proximal tibia
  • tendon runs up and laterally
  • inserts on the lateral femoral condyle
  • when it contracts it laterally rotates the femur on the tibia
  • unlocking the knee at the commencement of flexion
34
Q

the deep group: tibialis posterior

A
  • the deepest of the three long plantar flexors
  • arises from the back of the interosseous membrane
  • its tendon passes around the medial malleolus
  • inserts into the sole by various slips into the navicular and cuneiforms
  • plantar flexor and inverter
35
Q

the deep group: flexor hallucis longus

A
  • the long big toe flexor
  • originates on the lower 2/3 of the fibula
  • tendon passes behind the base of the tibia and runs under the talus and sustentaculum tali
  • passes through the foot
  • inserts onto the base of the distal phalanx
  • flexes the big toe and ankle
36
Q

the deep group: flexor digitorum longus

A
  • muscle flexes the ankle and the lateral four toes
  • belly occupies the back of the lower tibia
  • tendon runs around the medial malleolus
  • before entering the foot it splits into four tendons
  • runs to the distal phalanges of the lateral four toes
  • gives rise to the four lumbricles
  • the quadratus plantae runs from the heel to insery on its tendon
37
Q

tendons of the long flexors

A
  • tendons passing behind the ankle joints pass under the flexor and peroneal retinacula
  • the four tendons pass behind the medial malleolus with the posterior tibial artery and nerve
38
Q

blood supply to the leg

A
  • popliteal artery enters the leg at the base of the popliteal fossa and bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
39
Q

anterior tibial artery

A
  • runs deep in the leg on top of the interosseous membrane
  • crosses in front of the ankle joint and enters the foot as the doraslis pedis artery
40
Q

posterior tibial artery

A
  • the larger of the two
  • runs through the arch of the soleus and down between the superficial and deep muscle groups
  • then behind the medial malleolus through the palmar side of the foot
  • divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries
41
Q

innervation of the leg

A
  • common peroneal nerve leaves the popliteal fossa and curves around the head of the fibula
  • divides into two large and important branches, the superficial and deep peroneal nerves
42
Q

superficial peroneal nerve

A
  • supplies the lateral compartment
  • travels superficially to supply the skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
43
Q

deep peroneal nerve

A
  • runs down the anterior compartment on the interosseous membrane with the artery
  • supplies the compartment and enters the foot to become cutaneous in the space between the big and second toe
44
Q

posterior compartment innervation

A
  • innervated by the tibial nerve
  • runs in concert with the posterior tibial artery
  • divides in the foot into the medial and lateral plantar nerves
  • the skin of the medial leg is innervated by a branch of the femoral nerve (saphenous nerve)
  • the posterior cutaneous calf is innervated by the sural nerve, a branch of the tibial nerve

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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