Chapter Thirteen

Question 1

What makes us human?

Answer 1

Walking upright, using tools, language? Other species communicate but not like we do

Question 2

What does language require us to do?

Answer 2

ideas–> words–> sentences

Question 3

Aphasia

Answer 3

language deficit

Question 4

Lateralization

Answer 4

majority of people speak with left hemisphere

Question 5

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 5

occurs from damage to Broca’s area; can comprehend speech by have difficulty producing it

Question 6

Broca’s Aphasia speech is..

Answer 6

slow, laborious, non-fluent, few function words (a, an, the); speech consists almost entirely of context words; are usually annoyed and frustrated by deficit

Question 7

Agrammatism

Answer 7

(BA) non-use of grammatical markers (-ed, I have gone, etc.); don’t use grammar cues (e.g., word order)

Question 8

Anomia

Answer 8

(BA) word finding difficulty; “uh” “ah” and “um” are common utterances; hand gestures are also common to provide meaning

Question 9

Difficulty in Articulation

Answer 9

(BA) deficit in pronouncing certain words; broomstick may be pronounced stoombrick

Question 10

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 10

difficulty with comprehension, but can produce speech; the speech produced generally makes no sense; use of relatively few content words; often unaware they have a problem; will make up words to refer to objects

Question 11

Deficit in recognition of spoken words

Answer 11

(WA) not the same as comprehension; you can recognize a foreign language even if you don’t understand it; known as “pure word deafness” (can recognize barking dog, beating drum, just not words)

Question 12

deficit in comprehension

Answer 12

(WA) from damage to posterior language area (junction of O-T-P lobes); the brain area the connects the auditory representation of words and their meaning

Question 13

deficit in understanding meaning

Answer 13

(WA) lexical dictionary; believed that WA is connected to this through the posterior language area; deficit in understanding meaning can be specific- some lose meaning for simple objects, others for spatial location, other for body parts, etc.

Question 14

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Answer 14

can repeat what is said but cannot comprehend what they are saying; recognize words; damage to posterior language area; carries information about SOUND not MEANING

Question 15

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 15

damage to arcuate fasiculus (pathway that connects BA and WA); can speak and comprehend, but cannot repeat what is spoken to them

Question 16

Anomic Aphasia

Answer 16

difficulty in finding words; speech/comprehension may be excellent; curcumlocutions

Question 17

curcumlocutions

Answer 17

speaking in roundabout ways

Question 18

Alexia

Answer 18

deficit in reading

Question 19

Agraphia

Answer 19

deficit in writing

Question 20

Can you have both Alexia and Agraphia?

Answer 20

can have one or the other, or both.

Question 21

Pure Alexia

Answer 21

“pure word blindness” or “Alexia without Agraphia”; damage to left visual cortex and posterior corpus callous; patient can still write, but cannot read; if words are spelled, they can understand;

Question 22

Does pure alexia occur in those who use sign language?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Hickock et al. (1995)

Answer 23

woman could sign fluently but could not comprehend sign

Question 24

Whole word reading

Answer 24

recognize word by shape, “sight words”

Question 25

Phonetic Reading

Answer 25

unfamiliar words are sounded out

Question 26

Acquired Dyslexia

Answer 26

result of brain trauma

Question 27

Developmental Dyslexia

Answer 27

children have difficulty in learning to read

Question 28

Surface Dyslexia

Answer 28

individual has problem with whole word reading; make errors based on what words look like; don’t know words by sight, but can spell them out phonetically

Question 29

What type of words do those with surface dyslexia have trouble with?

Answer 29

irregular words such as yacht, weigh, colonel, etc.

Question 30

Phonological Dyslexia

Answer 30

can read by sight, but cannot sound out unfamiliar words; may be excellent readers if they have acquired dyslexia

Question 31

Because there are two forms of dyslexia, what does that tell us?

Answer 31

that different brain areas are involved