Chapter Thirteen Flashcards
What makes us human?
Walking upright, using tools, language? Other species communicate but not like we do
What does language require us to do?
ideas–> words–> sentences
Aphasia
language deficit
Lateralization
majority of people speak with left hemisphere
Broca’s Aphasia
occurs from damage to Broca’s area; can comprehend speech by have difficulty producing it
Broca’s Aphasia speech is..
slow, laborious, non-fluent, few function words (a, an, the); speech consists almost entirely of context words; are usually annoyed and frustrated by deficit
Agrammatism
(BA) non-use of grammatical markers (-ed, I have gone, etc.); don’t use grammar cues (e.g., word order)
Anomia
(BA) word finding difficulty; “uh” “ah” and “um” are common utterances; hand gestures are also common to provide meaning
Difficulty in Articulation
(BA) deficit in pronouncing certain words; broomstick may be pronounced stoombrick
Wernicke’s Aphasia
difficulty with comprehension, but can produce speech; the speech produced generally makes no sense; use of relatively few content words; often unaware they have a problem; will make up words to refer to objects
Deficit in recognition of spoken words
(WA) not the same as comprehension; you can recognize a foreign language even if you don’t understand it; known as “pure word deafness” (can recognize barking dog, beating drum, just not words)
deficit in comprehension
(WA) from damage to posterior language area (junction of O-T-P lobes); the brain area the connects the auditory representation of words and their meaning
deficit in understanding meaning
(WA) lexical dictionary; believed that WA is connected to this through the posterior language area; deficit in understanding meaning can be specific- some lose meaning for simple objects, others for spatial location, other for body parts, etc.
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
can repeat what is said but cannot comprehend what they are saying; recognize words; damage to posterior language area; carries information about SOUND not MEANING
Conduction Aphasia
damage to arcuate fasiculus (pathway that connects BA and WA); can speak and comprehend, but cannot repeat what is spoken to them
Anomic Aphasia
difficulty in finding words; speech/comprehension may be excellent; curcumlocutions
curcumlocutions
speaking in roundabout ways
Alexia
deficit in reading
Agraphia
deficit in writing
Can you have both Alexia and Agraphia?
can have one or the other, or both.
Pure Alexia
“pure word blindness” or “Alexia without Agraphia”; damage to left visual cortex and posterior corpus callous; patient can still write, but cannot read; if words are spelled, they can understand;
Does pure alexia occur in those who use sign language?
Yes
Hickock et al. (1995)
woman could sign fluently but could not comprehend sign
Whole word reading
recognize word by shape, “sight words”
Phonetic Reading
unfamiliar words are sounded out
Acquired Dyslexia
result of brain trauma
Developmental Dyslexia
children have difficulty in learning to read
Surface Dyslexia
individual has problem with whole word reading; make errors based on what words look like; don’t know words by sight, but can spell them out phonetically
What type of words do those with surface dyslexia have trouble with?
irregular words such as yacht, weigh, colonel, etc.
Phonological Dyslexia
can read by sight, but cannot sound out unfamiliar words; may be excellent readers if they have acquired dyslexia
Because there are two forms of dyslexia, what does that tell us?
that different brain areas are involved
