Chapter Fourteen Flashcards
Any form of brain pathology can result in a variety of symptoms…
site and extent of pathology, age and health of patient, other health related problems
Malignant tumors
cancerous; not encapsulated, no guarantee all cells have been removed
Benign tumors
non-cancerous; encapsulated with a clear border between tumor and healthy tissue; can still be very dangerous due to growth
Mastastases
cells that are shred from a tumor and travel through the blood to other sites
Hydrocephalus
can result from “pinched off” lines for drainage of cerebral spinal fluid
Brain tumor names derive from…
the cells that produce them
Do brain tumors derive from neurons?
No because neurons do not have the ability to divide as other cells do
Glioma
derive from glia, usually fast growing and malignant
Meningioma
derive from meninges
Angioma
derive from blood vessels
Pinealoma
derives from pineal gland
Seizure disorders usually originate from..
the temporal lobe; can be caused by a variety of factors; may or may not involve full-body convulsions
Partial seizure
involve small part of the brain and derive from focus
Simple Partial Seizure
no loss of consciousness, motor, mental, and autonomic responses
complex partial seizure
same as simple partial seizure, but loss of consciousness
Generalize Seizure
involve most of the brain
Grand Mal
involve full body convulsions; may be preceded by aura; two phases- tonic and clonic
Tonic Phase
muscles contract forcefully
Clonic phase
muscles begin “jerking”; may lose consciousness for up to 15 minutes
Absence Seizures
common in children; may appear to be inattentive and occur hundreds of times daily
Blood disorders
most common problem is stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
bleeding from ruptured blood vessel
Obstructive Stroke
clot (thrombus) in a vessel that blocks blood flow
embolus
piece of thrombus that travels in artery, lodged in smaller arteries
embolus
piece of thrombus that travels in artery, lodged in smaller arteries
Teratogens
a substance that can cause a birth defect; what and when determine impact
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
common, yet entirely preventable
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic predisposition that MAY lead to problems; causes disruption of myelination; once brains mature, can take small exposures
Tay-Sachs Disease
disease found in those of Jewish Descent; genetic disposition–> brain swells; severe pain,
Down Syndrome
result in extra 21st chromosome, supplied by mother
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
shaking of limbs, hands, loss of facial tone, fewer spontaneous movement; may not show reflexive behaviors
Treatment for Parkinsons
L-Dope works well early on; transplanted DA rich brain tissue; surgical removal of globus pallidus
Brain changes in those with Alzheimers Disease
brain abnormalities-shrinking of cortex, ventricular enlargement, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritis plaques, degenerating dendrites
Multiple Sclerosis
autoimmune disease that eats away myelin
Encephalitis
generic name for brain infection; blood-borne pathogens can get into the brain if protective mechanisms fail
Effects of Polio
virus that damages motor neurons in the brain/spinal cord; typically effects motor cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brain stem
Rabies
carried in animals saliva that are infected
Meningitis
bacterial (causes brain damage) or viral; inflammation of the meninges
What do symptoms of stroke depend on?
extent and location of damage that occurs
What do strokes cause deficits in?
deficits of speech, movement, vision
What does FAS cause in children?
physical and intellectual difficulties for FAS children- physical tend to be seen in facial features
What is the IQ of those with full blown PKU?
around 20
How long do those with tay-sachs usually live?
fatality by 5th birthday
Can carrier parents of tay-sachs have health children?
carrier parents have healthy children as long as BOTH parents are not a carrier
What are the physical and intellectual symptoms of down syndrome?
physical symptoms of face/body; lower intelligence, late in meeting childhood milestones
What do the brain abnormalities of down syndrome resemble?
alzheimers by age 30
What are the brain changes of those with Down syndrome?
brain changes-lighter, smaller/simpler gyri and suli
Brain changes of those with Parkinsons
deregulation of DA neurons in substantia nigra
When does the alzheimers risk increase?
with age
Symptoms of those with MS
movement, motor, and cognitive, vision
Do symptoms of MS go into remission?
yes in the early stages
How long does it take for symptoms to develop?
20 years in most cases
Causes of MS
genetic contribution & higher risk if born in late winter/early spring, female, and white
How is polio kept in check?
through use of vaccines
How soon can rabies cause death?
will cause death in 7-10 days of onset of symptoms
What is the incubation period of rabies?
incubation period may be up to two months depends on where person was bit (upper or lower body)
Effects of Rabies
travels to brain in peripheral nerves and damages cerebellum and hippocampus
symptoms of meningitis
stiff neck is tell-tale symptom along with flu-like symptoms
How soon can meningitis become fatal?
can become fatal within 24 if antibiotics are not administered for bacterial strand
