Chapter Four

Question 1

What is psychopharmacology?

Answer 1

study of the effect of substances on the nervous system and behavior

Question 2

What are psychoactive substances?

Answer 2

any substance that impacts normal psychological functions

legal and illegal; powerful and benign

Question 3

Central drugs

Answer 3

can get into your brain; get through the blood barrier

Question 4

Peripheral drugs

Answer 4

cannot get into your brain

Question 5

Intravenous IV

Answer 5

injected into vein; very quickly into the brain

Question 6

Intraperitoneal (IP)

Answer 6

into peritoneal cavity (gut); not as fast as IV but still fast

Question 7

Intramuscular (IM)

Answer 7

into a large muscle such as butt or thigh

Question 8

Subcutaneous

Answer 8

can inject as liquid or pellets; beneath the skin

Question 9

Oral

Answer 9

mouth, throat, nasogastric, most common

Question 10

Sublingual

Answer 10

under the tongue

Question 11

Intrarectal

Answer 11

when stomach is too sensitive for oral

Question 12

Inhalation

Answer 12

smoking, inhalation, huffing

Question 13

Topical

Answer 13

right onto the skin

Question 14

Intracerebral

Answer 14

right into the brain

Question 15

Intracerebroventricular

Answer 15

right into ventricular system; spinal tap or epidural

Question 16

Which type of chemicals can cross the BBB?

Answer 16

lipid soluable

Question 17

Dose Response Curves (DRC)

Answer 17

graphical representation of drug effect; come in a variety of shapes

drugs with different effects may have two different shaped DRC

Question 18

Therapeutic Index

Answer 18

difference between effective dose of the drug and the to dose of the drug

bigger the therapeutic index-safer the drug

Question 19

Barbituates vs. Benzos

Answer 19

margin of safety is much larger for benzos-why they are used now

Question 20

Tolerance

Answer 20

more you take, higher dose needed

once believed to be purely physiological addiction

Question 21

withdrawal

Answer 21

arises from physical addiction

some drugs are more addicting with worse withdrawal;

Question 22

Psychological Dependence

Answer 22

mental; can be more difficult to break than addiction

Question 23

Agonistic

Answer 23

facilitates post-synaptic effects; makes transmission quicker

Question 24

Antagonistic

Answer 24

inhibits these effects; blocks

Question 25

Direct Agonist

Answer 25

bind to reception and "mimic" neurotransmitter effect

Question 26

Direct Antagonist

Answer 26

placekeeper; binds to the receptor and blocks neurotransmitter effect does not activate receptor

Question 27

Non-competitive binding

Answer 27

multiple receptor site for multiple compounds

Question 28

Indirect Antagonist

Answer 28

a ligand binds to one of the multiple receptor and blocks neurotransmitter

Question 29

Indirect Agonist

Answer 29

ligand binds to one of the multiple receptor sites and "mimics" neurotransmitter effect

Question 30

Blocking reuptake and inactivating enzymes

Answer 30

clean out the synapse

Question 31

Does blocking reuptake or inactivating enzymes have a longer effect on the cell?

Answer 31

stopping repute because the neurotransmitter stays on the receptor

Question 32

Why are blocking reuptake and inactivating enzymes agonistic?

Answer 32

they result in more transmitter in the synapse

Question 33

Glutemate

Answer 33

main excitatory transmitter

Question 34

GABA

Answer 34

main inhibitory transmitter

Question 35

Where are Gulatemate and GABA found?

Answer 35

both are found throughout the brain and serve to all regions/structures in the brain

Question 36

Acetycholine (Ach)

Answer 36

efferents that go to the muscle involved in REM, learning, and memory

Question 37

How is Ach deactivated?

Answer 37

enzymatic deactivation

Question 38

Botulinum Toxin

Answer 38

prevents the release of Ach, causing paralysis (1 tsp. could kill 7 billion people) causes respiratory distress because muscle of chest wall inhibited

Question 39

Black Widow Venom

Answer 39

opposite effect-agonistic

Question 40

Neostigmine

Answer 40

Ach agonist used to treat myasthenia graves (muscular weakness)

Question 41

Nicotinic

Answer 41

Ach receptor; stimulated by nicotine

Question 42

Muscarinic

Answer 42

Ach receptor; stimulated by muscarine

Question 43

Cucare

Answer 43

blocks nicotinic receptors; leaves person completely paralyzed but fully conscious; used in poison arrows/darts

Question 44

two varieties of monamine

Answer 44

catecholamines and indolamine

Question 45

Catecholamines

Answer 45

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 46

Epinephrine

Answer 46

activates the sympathetic nervous system- adrenaline

Question 47

Indolamine

Answer 47

serotonin (5-HT)

Question 48

Dopamine

Answer 48

Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Cocaine/Amphetamine involved in rewards/pleasure

Question 49

L-Dopa

Answer 49

treatment for Parkinsons works really well for a while but more brain cells die off and eventually there are no cells to use it

Question 50

Nigrostriatal system

Answer 50

in substantia nigra- sends projections to basal ganglia (parkinsons)

Question 51

Mesolimbic System

Answer 51

to limbic system

Question 52

Mesocortical system

Answer 52

to prefrontal cortex

Question 53

Dopamine reuptake blockers

Answer 53

amphetamine, cocaine, ritalin leave it in the synapse/receptors prolonging the effects

Question 54

Norepinephrine

Answer 54

found in the PNS; partly responsible for sympathetic NS effects on organs produced by same process as dopamine..an additional enzyme converts dopamine into norepinephrine not released from terminal buttons

Question 55

Axonal Varicosities

Answer 55

swelling on axon terminals that make NE neurons look like beaded chains

Question 56

Where is epinephrine produced?

Answer 56

adrenal medulla

Question 57

Serotonin

Answer 57

important role in mood, sleeping, pain most cell bodies of serotonergic neurons in brain stem

Question 58

What is the precursor to serotonin?

Answer 58

tryptophan

Question 59

What is related to a decrease in serotonin?

Answer 59

depression

Question 60

Where is serotonin released from?

Answer 60

varicosities

Question 61

Is Prozac an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 61

agonist-stops reuptake

Question 62

Fenfluramine

Answer 62

serotonin agonist; appetite suppressant, but causes drowsiness