Chapter Five

Question 1

Are frontal lobes responsible for memory?

Answer 1

Rat stays put because loss of frontal lobes takes away ability of movement

Question 2

Experimental Ablation

Answer 2

AKA lesion

take part of brain out; was that area responsible, or was it the pathway that ran through it?

Question 3

Do simple behaviors use one brain area?

Answer 3

No-multiple. each of which are connected

Question 4

Suction

Answer 4

using a tube, suction out parts of the brain; used on cortex

Question 5

Radio Frequency

Answer 5

thin wire inserted deep into brain, heated wire burns away brain tissue-uses frequency

Question 6

Excitotoxic

Answer 6

excite brain with toxin; amino acids put into certain brain area-stimulates neurons to death

will not kill axons that run through the region

Question 7

Sham lesion controls

Answer 7

groups needed to control for surgical technique

treated identically, except for actual lesion
-anesthesia, opening of skull, electrode, etc. just not the actual lesion

Question 8

How do scientists know where to perform a lesion?

Answer 8

a road map called a brain atlas shows the way

all locations are relative to bregma

Question 9

bregma

Answer 9

the junction of sutures in the skull

Question 10

Stereotaxic Apparatus

Answer 10

used to precisely mark the location of a lesion, electrode, or other device in the brain

Question 11

What happens after the lesion?

Answer 11

after the lesion/experiment, one must make sure that the lesion was in the right “spot”

the brain is removed and the lesion site is examined

Question 12

Fixative

Answer 12

formalin; prepares brain for splicing

Question 13

Microtome

Answer 13

makes razor thin slices up to 1/1000th of a millimeter

Question 14

Stained

Answer 14

slices are stained and put on microscope slides

cresyl violet and methylene blue are the stains used

Question 15

Tracing efferents

Answer 15

where the pathways GO

finding the pathway that leads away from a certain region

Question 16

Anterograde labeling method

Answer 16

efferent; chemical PHA-L taken up by dendrites in one region and carried through the axon to a different region

Question 17

Tracing afferent

Answer 17

where pathways COME FROM

which structures send pathways to a region of interest?

Question 18

Retrograde labeling method

Answer 18

afferent; Flurogold is taken up by terminal buttons and is carried back to the soma of those cells

Question 19

CT scan

Answer 19

x-ray technology

Question 20

MRI scan

Answer 20

uses magnetic forces/fields; more detailed than CT scan

Question 21

PET scan

Answer 21

allows for study of brain activity; basically measures blood flow

Question 22

fMRI

Answer 22

f=functional; like PET scan, these show activity of brain region

Question 23

autoradiography

Answer 23

2-GD injected into brain which is taken up

Question 24

Electroencephalogram

Answer 24

EEG; measurement of electrical activity of the brain

Question 25

microelectrodes

Answer 25

can gather information from a single neuron

Question 26

"grandmother cells"

Answer 26

were discovered by micro electrodes; only fire when they see a stimulus of a face

Question 27

How are electrodes held in place?

Answer 27

by dental plastic and plugged into a recording device

Question 28

Microdialysis

Answer 28

small cannula draws fluid from the brain which can be analyzed for transmitter levels

Question 29

Monozygotic

Answer 29

(MZ) identical

Question 30

Dizygotic

Answer 30

(DZ) fraternal

Question 31

Concordant trait

Answer 31

both individuals possess

Question 32

Discordant trait

Answer 32

only possessed by one of the pair

Question 33

Targeted mutations

Answer 33

intentional altering of a genetic code

Question 34

"knockout" mice

Answer 34

provide models of Alzheimers Disease and other disorders