Chapter Ten

Question 1

id psychology (freud)

Answer 1

how the ego and superego respond to the demands of the id

Question 2

ego psychology (erikson)

Answer 2

emphasizing the ego as a powerful, independent part of personality; noting that the ego was involved in mastering the environment, achieving one’s goals and hence, establishing one’s identity

Question 3

psychosocial conflicts

Answer 3

crises in learning to trust our parents, learning to be autonomous from them and learning from them how to act as an adult

Question 4

erikson’s eight stages of development

Answer 4

trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus despair, generativity versus stagnation, integrity versus despair

Question 5

trust versus mistrust

Answer 5

if a child is well taken care of, they will develop a sense of trust in their caregiver; if not taken care of, such infants develop a sense that others are not to be trusted and may develop a lifelong pattern of mistrust in others

Question 6

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 6

• children beginning explore “how much of the world do i control?”
• good outcome is a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things, develops self-confidence, sense of autonomy that lets a child explore and learn
• if parents inhibit autonomy, by being strict or restrictive, then child may feels shame and doubt over the goals being contemplated

Question 7

initiative versus guilt

Answer 7

• children at this stage receive their first practice in adult tasks during play
• if all goes well, children develop of a sense of initiative which translates to ambition and goal seeking
• if things do not go well, children may become resigned to failure or to not even take the initiative to pursue goals

Question 8

industry versus inferiority

Answer 8

• this sense of industry (feeling as if children can achieve what they want) sets them on their way to becoming productive members of society
• with enough failure experiences, children might develop a sense of inferiority

Question 9

identity versus role confusion

Answer 9

• adolescents begin to ask “who am i?”, and “do others recognize me for who i think i am?”
• experimenting with identities is common at this stage

Question 10

intimacy versus despair

Answer 10

• people appear to have a need to develop relationships that are mutually satisfying and intimate
• isolation is a result of a failure to find or maintain intimacy

Question 11

generativity versus stagnation

Answer 11

• occupying most of the adult years, the main question concerns whether or not the person has generated something they really care about in life

Question 12

integrity versus despair

Answer 12

• last stage of development
• we start the process of withdrawing from life, pulling back our adult roles and preparing to face death
• if we can take some satisfaction, we can face the inevitably of our passing with a measure of integrity
• if we are dissatisfied with our lives, then we experience despair

Question 13

object relations theory

Answer 13

emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood

Question 14

harlow’s research on infant monkeys

Answer 14

• infant monkeys raised with fake mothers developed problems in adolescence and adulthood, (socially insecure,canxious, did not develop normal sexual relations as an adult)
• preferred their real mothers to the fake mothers, and the cloth mother to the wire mother
• concluded that attachment between infants and primary caregivers required the physical contact with a warm/responsive mother and that it is vitally important to the psychological development of the infant

Question 15

seperation anxiety

Answer 15

infants reacting negatively to separation and become agitated and distressed when the mother leaves

Question 16

strange situation procedure

Answer 16

• mother and her baby enter the room, mother sits down and the child is free to explore toys and other things in the room
• after a few minutes, a stranger enters the room
• mother gets up and leaves the baby with the strangers
• after a few minutes, stranger leaves and mother returns in the room, being alone with the baby for a few moments

Question 17

attachment styles observed (strange situation procedure)

Answer 17

secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, disorganized

Question 18

secure attachment style

Answer 18

endured the separation with only minimal anxiety and went about exploring the room, waiting patiently or even approaching the strangers and infants were happy to see mother at return

Question 19

avoidant attachment style

Answer 19

infants who avoided the mothers when they returned, seemed unfazed when the mother left and did not give them attention at return

Question 20

anxious-ambivalent

Answer 20

infants in this group were very anxious about the mothers leaving, started crying, when mothers were gone infants were difficult to calm, on mothers’ return infants behaved ambivalently (showed both anger and a desire to be close to the mothers; they approached their mothers but then resisted by squirming and fighting against being held.

Question 21

adult attachment styles and relationships

Answer 21

• adults with an avoidant relationship style more frequently reported that their parents had unhappy marriages compared to adults with a secure relationship style
• adults with a secure relationship style tended to report coming from a supportive, trusting family