Chapter Eleven

Question 1

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 1

divided the hierarchy into five levels: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Question 2

physiological needs

Answer 2

• include needs that are of prime importance to the immediate survival of the individual (ie. need for food, water, air, sleep, sex)

Question 3

safety needs

Answer 3

• involve shelter and security (ie. having a place to live and being free from the threat of danger)

Question 4

belongingness needs

Answer 4

• being accepted by others and welcomed into a group represents a physiological need

Question 5

esteem needs

Answer 5

• two types: esteem from others and self-esteem
• we want to be seen by others as competent, strong, achievable, to be translated into self-esteem

Question 6

self-actualization needs

Answer 6

• need to develop one’s potential, become the person one was meant to be and live according to one’s true self

Question 7

four principles of maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 7

• we typically must satisfy the lower needs before we proceed to satisfy the higher
• needs lower in the hierarchy are more powerful/pressing when not satisfied than the needs at the top
• people typically work at satisfying multiple needs at the same time
• people often find themselves in situations that force them to take a downward step on the hierarchy

Question 8

more recent research findings on maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 8

• one group of researchers tested that lower-level needs are stronger than the higher when deprived and confirmed it
• another study found that it does not matter what level of a need a person is working on for their happiness

Question 9

characteristics of self-actualized person

Answer 9

• efficient perception of reality
• acceptance of themselves/others/nature, spontaneity
• problem focus
• affinity for solitude
• independence from culture and environment
• continued freshness of appreciation
• more frequent peak experiences
• genuine desire to help human race
• deep ties with relatively few people
• democratic values
• ability to discriminate between means and ends
• philosophical sense of humour
• creativity
• resistance to enculturation

Question 10

characteristics of a fully functioning person

Answer 10

• open to new experiences
• enjoy diversity/novelty
• centred in the present
• trust themselves/feelings/judgements
• unconventional

Question 11

positive regard

Answer 11

• (carl rogers) belief that all children are born wanting to be loved and accepted by their parents and others

Question 12

conditional positive regard

Answer 12

positive regard, when it must be earned by meeting certain conditions

Question 13

unconditional positive regard

Answer 13

positive regard, given freely without conditions having to be met

Question 14

what creates anxiety (carl rogers)

Answer 14

the result of having an experience that does not fit with one’s self-conception

Question 15

distortion

Answer 15

when people modify their experience rather than their self-image to reduce the threat of anxiety (ie. a person might say “the professors in the classes are unfair” vs blaming themselves)