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Psychology 1000 (Segret) > Chapter Six & Seven - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Chapter Six & Seven - Learning & Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are types of non-associative learning?

A
  1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

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2
Q

What is learning?

A

a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
-innate (unlearned) vs. learned (experience)

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3
Q

What are associative types of learning?

A
  1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

What is Habituation?

A

decreased response to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented (ex. birds and scarecrows)
-occurs when stimulus isn’t threatening/doesn’t provide info

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5
Q

What is Sensitization?

A

increased response to stimulus (ex. getting a text)

-occurs when stimulus is potentially threatening/informative

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6
Q

What is Associative Learning?

A

associating two things/stimulus’, more complex

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7
Q

What is Classical Conditioning? (a.k.a. Pavlovian Conditioning)

A

learning association between two stimuli, learn that one reliably predicts the other (ex. cat hearing can opener –> thinks they will get fed)

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8
Q

Pavlov’s Experiment

A
  1. Baseline: tone along –> no salivation from dog, food presentation –> salivation
  2. Conditioning Trial: tone + food presentation –> salivation
  3. Test Trial: tone along –> salivation
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9
Q

What is the unconditional response?

A

a response that doesn’t have to be learned (ex. salivation at food presentation)

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10
Q

What is the unconditional stimulus?

A

a stimulus that elicits a response such as a reflex, without any prior learning (ex. food)

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11
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place (ex. tone)

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12
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

a response to a conditioned stimulus that has been learned (ex. salivation to a tone)

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13
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the gradual formation of an association between the CS and the US (best results = short delay between the two)

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14
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS but also produce the CR (ex. same response to Surge as Mtn Dew)

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15
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

different response to stimulus that is sufficiently different from CS (ex. different response to milk than Surge)

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16
Q

What is extinction?

A

CS is repeated without the US, and eventually decreases, learning that the prior association no longer holds true

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17
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

following extinction, re-introduction of the CS produces a smaller response - shows that association is just suppressed, not forgotten

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18
Q

What is a phobia?

A

an acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation

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19
Q

Who was John Watson?

A

Father of Behaviorism

-believed we are born as “blank slates” and everything is learned (no innate behavior –> not actually true)

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20
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

experiment by Watson (classical conditioning)
CS (sight of rat) –followed by–> US (loud noise) –> UR severe distress
-baby gained a learned phobia to rat

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21
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

extinction: presenting CS without US (ex. rat with no loud noise)

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22
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

reversing a learned response

  • take CS, pair with new US, that produces opposite response (ex. exchange rat/loud noise with rat/ice cream)
  • US must outweigh CS (ex. love ice cream but only mildly afraid of rats)
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23
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

type of counterconditioning

  1. replaces anxiety with relaxation
  2. starts with exposure to least scary version of feared thing
  3. instruct person to relax while exposed to stimulus
  4. gradually move to progressively stronger versions until full/normal exposure is reached
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24
Q

What are conditioned cravings?

A
  1. environmental drug cues (CS): rooms, friends, drug apparatus
  2. cravings (CR)
  3. sight of drug cues: activation of reward centers in brain, in expectation that the drug high will follow
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25
Q

Treatment for drug addiction

A
  1. exposure therapy: extinction of CR (cravings) to environmental cues (ex. friends without doing drugs)
  2. counterconditioning: giving drug that when people drink alcohol it makes them feel sick
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26
Q

What is conditioned tolerance?

A

environmental stimuli associated with drug produce compensatory CR
–> ex. heroin (US) leads to decreased heart rate
needle/room (CS) leads to increased heart rate
–> body is compensating to keep HR up and if person were to go into a different room they could die because HR drop could kill them

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27
Q

What are the implications of drug overdose?

A

?

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28
Q

Thorndike and The Law of Effect

A

Thorndike studied whether nonhuman animals showed signs of intelligence
-“puzzlebox” with trapdoor that only opened to a certain action
-used food-deprived cats and put food outside of box
Law of Effect: any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to happen again

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29
Q

Skinner and the Shaping of Behavior

A

Skinner Box: put rats in chamber and see how long it took them to push a lever with different rewards/punishments

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30
Q

What is shaping?

A

reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

31
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

association between a behavior and an outcome

-behavior is influenced by rewards/punishments

32
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

PRESENTING a stimulus ater a behavior to INCREASE the probability that the behavior will be repeated
“adding something”

33
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

REMOVING a stimulus after a behavior to INCREASE the likelihood of the behavior occurring again (ex. buckle seatbelt to turn off alarm)

34
Q

Extra Credit Question: what car does Professor Segert drive?

A

Honda Accord

35
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

PRESENTING an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to DECREASE the probability of the behavior reoccurring (ex. going off topic –> duct tape pulled off arm)

36
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

REMOVING a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to DECREASE the probability of the behavior reoccurring (ex. sent to room and no TV)

37
Q

What is observational learning?

A

the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of the behavior
–> learning by imitating others

38
Q

Bandura and BoBo Doll

A

two groups of preschoolers shown video of adults interacting with BoBo doll (either aggressively or quietly)
-children imitated the adults

39
Q

What is modeling?

A

imitation of behavior

40
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action

41
Q

Vicarious reinforcement vs. vicarious punishment

A

reinforcement: likelihood that observers behavior is increased if model’s behavior is reinforced
punishment: likelihood that observers behavior is decreased if model’s behavior is punished
- -> reinforcement is MORE effective, not equal

42
Q

What is the relationship between media and violence?

A

desensitization to violence after exposure to violent video games

43
Q

What is memory?

A

persistence of learning, who were are –> contributes to sense of self

44
Q

Henry Molaison (HM)

A
  • could not form memories
  • 1935: hit by car on bike –> epileptic seizures –> remove hippocampus to stop seizures
  • result: could only remember things 6-9 months before surgery, couldn’t remember doc/nurses (no new memories)
  • could still do familiar tasks
  • short term memory intact, could carry on convo
  • could learn new motor tasks
45
Q

Summary of HM

A

Hippocampus: crucial for long-term memory
–> anterograde amnesia: unable to form new memories
Medial Temporal Lobes: responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons when something is learned, particularly important for the formation of new memories
–> why HM had old memories but couldn’t form new ones

46
Q

Clive Wearing

A
  • got encephalitis–> lost old memories/couldn’t form new

- could only remember wife as if he hadn’t seen her in years

47
Q

Summary of Clive Wearing

A

-damage to frontal lobe and hippocampus/frontal lobe
retrograde amnesia: lost memories from past
anterograde amnesia: unable to form new memories
–> could still play piano, sight-read music

48
Q

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

A

able to remember everything about your life
-no difference in standard lab tests, but exceptionally accurate memory for autobiographical memory
brain diff: larger temporal lobe

49
Q

Extra Credit: What game show was Professor Segert on?

A

Jeopardy

50
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

conscious memories

51
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

information retrieved from explicit memory, knowledge that can be declared

52
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

unconscious memory

-w/o deliberate effort or awareness of remembering anything

53
Q

What are the types of explicit memory?

A
  1. episodic

2. semantic

54
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

memory for one’s personal past experiences (ex. HM remembering hiking the Mohawk Trail)

55
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge of facts about the world, independent of personal experience (ex. knowing London is the capital of England)

56
Q

What are the types of implicit memories?

A
  1. procedural
  2. priming
  3. conditioning
57
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

involves motor skills, habits, and other behaviors employed to achieve goals (ex. coordinating muscles to ride a bike)

58
Q

What is priming?

A

enhanced identification of objects/words as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

59
Q

What is conditioning?

A

automatic response to a neutral cue paired with a strong stimulus

60
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

involves remembering to do something at a future time, can be triggered by a cue, takes up cognitive space

61
Q

What are the anatomical structures involved with memory?

A
  1. Hippocampus: necessary for creation of new episodic memories, spatial memory
  2. Frontal Lobe: necessary for “working memory,” holds info to be used for solving problems, understanding conversations, and following plans
  3. Amygdala: necessary for implicit emotional memories
  4. Cerebellum: necessary for procedural memories (classical conditioning)
62
Q

Drug addiction cues

A

cues lead to activation in the prefrontal cortex and various regions of the limbic system (brain areas involved with reward)

63
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

64
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

A
  1. fixed ratio schedule
  2. variable ratio
  3. fixed interval
  4. variable interval
65
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement provided after a specific number of occurrences (ex. get a free coffee after buying 10)

66
Q

What is a variable ratio?

A

reinforcement provided after a variable number of occurrences (ex. slot machine - keep playing because you don’t know when you’ll win)
*greater response than fixed ratio

67
Q

What is a fixed interval?

A

reinforcement after specific amount of time (ex. paid every 2 weeks)

68
Q

What is a variable interval?

A

reinforcement provided at different times (ex. salesperson gets commission once buyer purchases product)

69
Q

What is the partial-reinforcement extinction effect?

A

the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

70
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

the use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones

71
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement (ex. learn that turning wheel = car turning)

72
Q

Mineka monkey studies

A

monkeys in labs didn’t fear snakes, monkeys in wild did

-lab monkeys were shown wild monkey’s response –> they developed a fear of snakes

73
Q

Social Fear of Learning

A

developing fear based upon society

ex. afraid of specific neighborhood because there was a news video of a person being assaulted there

Psychology 1000 (Segret) (7 decks)

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