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Psych 201 Final > Chapter Six > Flashcards

Chapter Six Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

The power to recall what has been learned.

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2
Q

How is memory connected to learning?

A

Memory is the usage of stuff learned.

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3
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.

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4
Q

What is encoding?

A

Putting information into your memory systems.

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5
Q

How is information encoded into your memory systems?

A

5 basic senses.

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6
Q

What is storage?

A

Maintaining information in the memory system.

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7
Q

What is the difference between storage capacity and storage duration?

A

Capacity is how MUCH info, duration is how LONG can you hold it.

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8
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Locating information stored in memory and bringing it to conscious awareness.

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9
Q

What are the two processes involved in retrieval?

A

Search and Recall.

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10
Q

What is the difference between recall and recognition? Give an example.

A

Recall is to retrieve memory with no help, Recognition is to retrieve with clues.
Ex: Fill in blank questions vs Multiple choice.

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11
Q

Which model of memory is the oldest and most comprehensive?

A

Information Processing Approach (IPA).

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12
Q

Explain the analogy of IPA and a computer.

A

The mind is like a computer, has hardware and software. We are born with it,

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13
Q

What are the three types of memory (IPA)?

A

Sensory memory, Short term memory, and long term memory.

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14
Q

What is another name for sensory memory?

A

Sensory Registers.

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15
Q

How is information encoded in your sensory memory?

A

Initial processing of info based on our 5 basic senses.

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16
Q

What are the two ways we know the most about for encoding sensory information?

A

Icons and Echoes.

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17
Q

What is an icon? Echo?

A

An icon is visual. Echoes is sound.

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18
Q

What is the storage capacity of sensory memory?

A

Moderate quantity of information.

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19
Q

What is the storage duration of sensory memory?

A

Very short, less 1 to 2 seconds.

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20
Q

What is retrieval like in sensory memory? What theory is attached?

A

If you don’t use it you lose it. Fading (Decay) Theory.

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21
Q

What are cognitive processes?

A

strategies used to transfer information to the next memory system to be processed further.

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22
Q

What is the cognitive process that helps information transfer from SM to STM?

A

Selective attention (attention), Focus, and Concentration.

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23
Q

What is another name used interchangeably for Short Term Memory (STM)?

A

Working memory.

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24
Q

How is information encoded into STM?

A

Our 5 basic senses.

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25
Q

What is acoustic coding in STM? Visual coding?

A

Acoustic is what it sounds like.
Visual is what it looks like.

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26
Q

Which type of coding fades more quickly, acoustic or visual?

A

Visual coding fades faster.

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27
Q

What is the storage capacity of STM?

A

Limited, 5 to 9 items.

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28
Q

What is the storage duration of STM?

A

15-20 seconds without rehearsal.

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29
Q

How can we increase the capacity of STM?

A

Chunking and Automaticity.

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30
Q

What is chunking? Automaticity?

A

Chunking: larger, meaningful groupings of information that help increase the amount held in short-term memory.
Automaticity: knowing information so well it becomes automatic.

31
Q

What happens with retrieval in STM?

A

Recalling information in short term memory.

32
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

Cognitive process. Practice.

33
Q

What cognitive process moves information from STM to LTM?

A

Rehearsal.

34
Q

What are the two types of rehearsal?

A

Rote/Maintenance and Elaborative.

35
Q

What is another name for rote rehearsal?

A

Maintenance.

36
Q

What is rote or maintenance rehearsal?

A

Just repeating information over as given.

37
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Giving information meaning, relate it to something in LTM.

38
Q

What are the two types of LTM?

A

Declarative memory and Non-declarative memory.

39
Q

What is declarative memory? Non-declarative memory?

A

Declarative involves factual knowledge (verbal).
Non declarative is knowledge for acquired behaviors (Non verbal).

40
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Semantic memory and episodic memory.

41
Q

What is semantic memory? Give an example.

A

Generalized knowledge, meaning, dictionary type information.
Ex:

42
Q

What is episodic memory? Give an example.

A

Memory for an event as it happened.
Ex: How the grand Canyon Trip was.

43
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills and actions.
HOW to do something.

44
Q

How is information encoded into LTM?

A

Levels of processing.

45
Q

What happens in encoding for LTM?

A

Goes through 2 stages of processing.

46
Q

What are your levels of processing for encoding information into LTM?

A

Surface coding and deep coding.

47
Q

What are the two types of surface coding?

A

Structural (looks like) and Phonological (sounds like).

48
Q

What is deep coding?

A

Semantic coding, whats the meaning.

49
Q

What is the storage Capacity of LTM?

A

Virtually unlimited.

50
Q

What is the storage Duration of LTM?

A

Virtually unlimited.

51
Q

What is the connection between storage and retrieval in LTM?

A

Retrieval can be made difficult because of the connections accosted with storage.

52
Q

What are some theories of forgetting?

A

Decay/Fading theory, motivated forgetting theory, and interference/inhibition theory.

53
Q

Explain decay theory.

A

Use it or lose it.

54
Q

What is another name for decay theory?

A

Fading theory.

55
Q

What is motivated forgetting?
Other names for motivated forgetting?

A

Forget because it is too painful to remember.
Repression (Freudian) and Psychogenic Amnesia.

56
Q

What are the two types of interference/inhibition?

A

Retroactive Inhibition and Proactive Inhibition.

57
Q

What is retroactive interference/inhibition?

A

New info blocks recall of old info and old info is replaced/blocked by learning new info.

58
Q

What is proactive interference/inhibition?

A

Old info blocks the recall of new info and new info is not encoded because its blocked by old info.

59
Q

How is brain damage related to forgetting?

A

Physiologically-based amnesia.

60
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory for any events that occurs AFTER a brain injury (can’t form new memories).

61
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

a loss of memory for events that happened BEFORE a brain injury (days, months, or even years before).
Ex: 50 First Dates staring Adam Sandlar.
Note for Sarah: Teleported back in time but only in their mind.

62
Q

How does retrieval theory explain forgetting?

A

A lack of retrieval cues, cannot recall because of encoding failure. Didn’t put enough information into your system.

63
Q

How can you improve your memory?

A

Using Mnemonic strategies/devices.

64
Q

What are mnemonic strategies/devices?

A

Methods for organizing information in order to remember it. Usually some type of imagery.

65
Q

What does the method of loci say you can do to improve memory?

A

Associate images of information with places you know. Acronyms, rhyming, and Conditions being the same.

66
Q

What does acronyms suggest you do to improve memory?

A

Gives you a SIMPLIFIED cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.

67
Q

What does Rhyming suggest you do to improve memory?

A

Gives your brain a CATCHY cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.
Ex: I before E, except after C.

68
Q

How does conditions being the same improve memory?

A

Gives your brain a FAMILIAR cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.

69
Q

What is context dependent memory?

A

Memories are helped or hindered by similarities and differences in the environmental context.

70
Q

What is state dependent memory?

A

Looks at how we were feeling when information was learned and recalled.

71
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Break information down into smaller (many, mini) study sessions.

72
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Learning in a single long (or a few) study period(s).

73
Q

What is the serial order effect?

A

Supports a distinction between the long and short term memory.
Ex: When told long string of #, the first and last stick, middle not so much.

Psych 201 Final (7 decks)

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