Chapter Six Flashcards
What is the definition of memory?
The power to recall what has been learned.
How is memory connected to learning?
Memory is the usage of stuff learned.
What are the three stages of memory?
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.
What is encoding?
Putting information into your memory systems.
How is information encoded into your memory systems?
5 basic senses.
What is storage?
Maintaining information in the memory system.
What is the difference between storage capacity and storage duration?
Capacity is how MUCH info, duration is how LONG can you hold it.
What is retrieval?
Locating information stored in memory and bringing it to conscious awareness.
What are the two processes involved in retrieval?
Search and Recall.
What is the difference between recall and recognition? Give an example.
Recall is to retrieve memory with no help, Recognition is to retrieve with clues.
Ex: Fill in blank questions vs Multiple choice.
Which model of memory is the oldest and most comprehensive?
Information Processing Approach (IPA).
Explain the analogy of IPA and a computer.
The mind is like a computer, has hardware and software. We are born with it,
What are the three types of memory (IPA)?
Sensory memory, Short term memory, and long term memory.
What is another name for sensory memory?
Sensory Registers.
How is information encoded in your sensory memory?
Initial processing of info based on our 5 basic senses.
What are the two ways we know the most about for encoding sensory information?
Icons and Echoes.
What is an icon? Echo?
An icon is visual. Echoes is sound.
What is the storage capacity of sensory memory?
Moderate quantity of information.
What is the storage duration of sensory memory?
Very short, less 1 to 2 seconds.
What is retrieval like in sensory memory? What theory is attached?
If you don’t use it you lose it. Fading (Decay) Theory.
What are cognitive processes?
strategies used to transfer information to the next memory system to be processed further.
What is the cognitive process that helps information transfer from SM to STM?
Selective attention (attention), Focus, and Concentration.
What is another name used interchangeably for Short Term Memory (STM)?
Working memory.
How is information encoded into STM?
Our 5 basic senses.
What is acoustic coding in STM? Visual coding?
Acoustic is what it sounds like.
Visual is what it looks like.
Which type of coding fades more quickly, acoustic or visual?
Visual coding fades faster.
What is the storage capacity of STM?
Limited, 5 to 9 items.
What is the storage duration of STM?
15-20 seconds without rehearsal.
How can we increase the capacity of STM?
Chunking and Automaticity.
What is chunking? Automaticity?
Chunking: larger, meaningful groupings of information that help increase the amount held in short-term memory.
Automaticity: knowing information so well it becomes automatic.
What happens with retrieval in STM?
Recalling information in short term memory.
What is rehearsal?
Cognitive process. Practice.
What cognitive process moves information from STM to LTM?
Rehearsal.
What are the two types of rehearsal?
Rote/Maintenance and Elaborative.
What is another name for rote rehearsal?
Maintenance.
What is rote or maintenance rehearsal?
Just repeating information over as given.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Giving information meaning, relate it to something in LTM.
What are the two types of LTM?
Declarative memory and Non-declarative memory.
What is declarative memory? Non-declarative memory?
Declarative involves factual knowledge (verbal).
Non declarative is knowledge for acquired behaviors (Non verbal).
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Semantic memory and episodic memory.
What is semantic memory? Give an example.
Generalized knowledge, meaning, dictionary type information.
Ex:
What is episodic memory? Give an example.
Memory for an event as it happened.
Ex: How the grand Canyon Trip was.
What is procedural memory?
Motor skills and actions.
HOW to do something.
How is information encoded into LTM?
Levels of processing.
What happens in encoding for LTM?
Goes through 2 stages of processing.
What are your levels of processing for encoding information into LTM?
Surface coding and deep coding.
What are the two types of surface coding?
Structural (looks like) and Phonological (sounds like).
What is deep coding?
Semantic coding, whats the meaning.
What is the storage Capacity of LTM?
Virtually unlimited.
What is the storage Duration of LTM?
Virtually unlimited.
What is the connection between storage and retrieval in LTM?
Retrieval can be made difficult because of the connections accosted with storage.
What are some theories of forgetting?
Decay/Fading theory, motivated forgetting theory, and interference/inhibition theory.
Explain decay theory.
Use it or lose it.
What is another name for decay theory?
Fading theory.
What is motivated forgetting?
Other names for motivated forgetting?
Forget because it is too painful to remember.
Repression (Freudian) and Psychogenic Amnesia.
What are the two types of interference/inhibition?
Retroactive Inhibition and Proactive Inhibition.
What is retroactive interference/inhibition?
New info blocks recall of old info and old info is replaced/blocked by learning new info.
What is proactive interference/inhibition?
Old info blocks the recall of new info and new info is not encoded because its blocked by old info.
How is brain damage related to forgetting?
Physiologically-based amnesia.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Loss of memory for any events that occurs AFTER a brain injury (can’t form new memories).
What is retrograde amnesia?
a loss of memory for events that happened BEFORE a brain injury (days, months, or even years before).
Ex: 50 First Dates staring Adam Sandlar.
Note for Sarah: Teleported back in time but only in their mind.
How does retrieval theory explain forgetting?
A lack of retrieval cues, cannot recall because of encoding failure. Didn’t put enough information into your system.
How can you improve your memory?
Using Mnemonic strategies/devices.
What are mnemonic strategies/devices?
Methods for organizing information in order to remember it. Usually some type of imagery.
What does the method of loci say you can do to improve memory?
Associate images of information with places you know. Acronyms, rhyming, and Conditions being the same.
What does acronyms suggest you do to improve memory?
Gives you a SIMPLIFIED cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.
What does Rhyming suggest you do to improve memory?
Gives your brain a CATCHY cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.
Ex: I before E, except after C.
How does conditions being the same improve memory?
Gives your brain a FAMILIAR cue to associate with something in your storage so it is easier to retrieve.
What is context dependent memory?
Memories are helped or hindered by similarities and differences in the environmental context.
What is state dependent memory?
Looks at how we were feeling when information was learned and recalled.
What is distributed practice?
Break information down into smaller (many, mini) study sessions.
What is massed practice?
Learning in a single long (or a few) study period(s).
What is the serial order effect?
Supports a distinction between the long and short term memory.
Ex: When told long string of #, the first and last stick, middle not so much.
