Chapter Five Flashcards
What 2 types of behavior did Skinner distinguish?
Respondent and Operant behavior.
Who founded Operant Conditioning?
E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.
What is the Law of Effect?
A response given a good consequence is more likely to reoccur than one given a negative consequence.
What is Operant/Instrumental Conditioning?
Making an association between response and consequences. Behavior is controlled by it’s consequences.
Who is associated with the Law of Effect?
E.L. Thorndike
What is a Skinner box and how is it used?
Box with elements (speaker, shock waves, treat valve) to help to train a rat to press a bar lever.
What 3 kinds of mazes did Skinner use?
Y maze: Shaped like “Y”.
T Maze: Shaped like “T”
Elaborate Maze: Many twists and turns.
What is Respondent Behavior?
The stimulus causes a response. The behavior used in Classical Conditioning.
Class example: Pepper makes you sneeze.
What is Operant Behavior?
The stimulus signals that a response should be made, but the actual response made is based on the consequences. The behavior used in Operant Conditioning. Focuses on the consequences of behavior.
Class example: The phone ringing.
What is a Reinforcement?
Always to increase a behavior, known as consequences.
What are Reinforcers?
The stimuli given or removed to increase the frequency of a response.
What is a punishment?
Always to decrease a behavior.
What is a positive reinforcement, and what does it cause?
Giving something pleasant to increase a behavior.
What is a negative reinforcement, and what does it cause?
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.
What are primary reinforcers, and what do they do?
Stimuli that we find naturally find reinforcing. Satisfies biological needs.
Example: Food/Water
What are Secondary Reinforcers, what do they do and what are they known by?
Also known as conditioned (learned) reinforcers. Stimulus that gets it’s reinforcing through its association with primary reinforcers.
Class Example: Money/praise
What are positive reinforcers?
Pleasant stimulus that is given.
What are negative reinforcers?
Negative stimulus that is removed.
What is a positive punishment?
Giving something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.
What is a negative punishment?
Removing something pleasant to decrease a behavior.
What are the 4 principles of Effective Punishment?
Consistency, immediacy, sufficient, and instructions.
What is Consistency (Effective Punishment):
Should occur after every transgression.
What is Immediacy (Effective Punishment):
Should be swift.
What is Sufficient (Effective Punishment):
Should be enough to deter behavior.
What is Instructions (Effective Punishment):
Should tell why, verbalizations help but are not necessary.
What is Acquisition?
Time it takes to make the association between response and consequence.
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive attempts toward a final response.
Baby steps.
What is the schedule of reinforcement?
Timetable for determining when a behavior should get reinforcement.
What is a Continuous schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce after every correct response.
What is a Partial/Intermittent schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce only a fraction of correct responses.
What are the 4 kinds of Partial schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval.
What is the Fixed Ratio partial schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce set # of correct responses.
What is the Fixed Interval partial schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce at set time intervals.
What is the Variable Ratio partial schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce unpredictable, changing # of correct responses. Average responses.
What is the Variable Interval partial schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforce at unpredictable, changing time intervals. Average time.
What is the continuous schedule effect?
It is the quickest way of learning, but also has the quickest extinction.
What is the Partial Reinforcement effect?
Variable of schedules make behaviors resistant to extinction.
Examples: Gambling and Superstitious stuff
What is the response rate effect?
Response is stronger with variable schedules, Response is weaker with a fixed interval.
What is extinction?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.
What is an extinction burst?
Behavior increases rapidly before it decreases during operant extinction.
What is spontaneous recovery?
An extinguished response returns without reinforcement, after a delay in presentation of stimulus.
What is generalization?
an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus. Or situation that is similar to the original one (stimulus generalization).
What is discrimination?
an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.
What is discriminative stimulus?
A signal that responding now or to this stimulus will bring you reinforcement. Indicates condition for reinforcement.
What is Premack’s principle?
Reinforcing a less desired behavior with an opportunity to engage in a more desired one
Also called Grandma’s Rule.
Example: If you eat your veggies, you get dessert.
What is Escape Conditioning?
Learning to end painful stimuli. The painful stimulus is present.
What is Avoidance Conditioning?
Responding to a signal to avoid a painful stimulus. The painful stimulus is never received.
What is Stimulus-Response (S-R) Psychology?
Learning involves the bonds between a stimulus and a response.
Operant and Classical conditioning.
How does cognitive learning theory differ from association learning thoery?
In association learning theory, a persons mind (thoughts/feelings) are irrelevant. In cognitive learning theory, a persons mind (thoughts/feelings) are relevant.
What is Observational Learning Theory?
Learn by watching others.
Children using adults/peers as models of behavior.
Who founded Observational Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura.
What is another name for Observational Learning Theory?
Social Learning Theory.
What is the biological bases for observational learning?
Mirror Nuerons.
What do mirror neurons do?
Fire when we see someone else do something
What are the processes of Observational Learning Theory (4):
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.
What is attention?
We must concentrate on the model’s behavior; modeling.
What is Retention?
Memory, we must keep that information in memory so that it can be recalled when needed.
What is Reproduction?
Imitation, we must be physically capable of reproducing the model’s behavior.
What is Motivation?
We must be motivated to display the behavior.
What is direct reinforcement/punishment?
When someone is given a reinforcement/ punishment directly.
Example: Given extra credit randomly when answering a question.
What is vicarious reinforcement/punishment?
When others are seen getting reinforcement/punishment for a behavior, so others increase/decrease that behavior.
