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Psych 201 Final > Chapter Five > Flashcards

Chapter Five Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 types of behavior did Skinner distinguish?

A

Respondent and Operant behavior.

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2
Q

Who founded Operant Conditioning?

A

E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.

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3
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

A response given a good consequence is more likely to reoccur than one given a negative consequence.

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4
Q

What is Operant/Instrumental Conditioning?

A

Making an association between response and consequences. Behavior is controlled by it’s consequences.

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5
Q

Who is associated with the Law of Effect?

A

E.L. Thorndike

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6
Q

What is a Skinner box and how is it used?

A

Box with elements (speaker, shock waves, treat valve) to help to train a rat to press a bar lever.

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7
Q

What 3 kinds of mazes did Skinner use?

A

Y maze: Shaped like “Y”.
T Maze: Shaped like “T”
Elaborate Maze: Many twists and turns.

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8
Q

What is Respondent Behavior?

A

The stimulus causes a response. The behavior used in Classical Conditioning.
Class example: Pepper makes you sneeze.

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9
Q

What is Operant Behavior?

A

The stimulus signals that a response should be made, but the actual response made is based on the consequences. The behavior used in Operant Conditioning. Focuses on the consequences of behavior.
Class example: The phone ringing.

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10
Q

What is a Reinforcement?

A

Always to increase a behavior, known as consequences.

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11
Q

What are Reinforcers?

A

The stimuli given or removed to increase the frequency of a response.

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12
Q

What is a punishment?

A

Always to decrease a behavior.

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13
Q

What is a positive reinforcement, and what does it cause?

A

Giving something pleasant to increase a behavior.

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14
Q

What is a negative reinforcement, and what does it cause?

A

Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.

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15
Q

What are primary reinforcers, and what do they do?

A

Stimuli that we find naturally find reinforcing. Satisfies biological needs.
Example: Food/Water

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16
Q

What are Secondary Reinforcers, what do they do and what are they known by?

A

Also known as conditioned (learned) reinforcers. Stimulus that gets it’s reinforcing through its association with primary reinforcers.
Class Example: Money/praise

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17
Q

What are positive reinforcers?

A

Pleasant stimulus that is given.

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18
Q

What are negative reinforcers?

A

Negative stimulus that is removed.

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19
Q

What is a positive punishment?

A

Giving something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.

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20
Q

What is a negative punishment?

A

Removing something pleasant to decrease a behavior.

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21
Q

What are the 4 principles of Effective Punishment?

A

Consistency, immediacy, sufficient, and instructions.

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22
Q

What is Consistency (Effective Punishment):

A

Should occur after every transgression.

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23
Q

What is Immediacy (Effective Punishment):

A

Should be swift.

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24
Q

What is Sufficient (Effective Punishment):

A

Should be enough to deter behavior.

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25
Q

What is Instructions (Effective Punishment):

A

Should tell why, verbalizations help but are not necessary.

26
Q

What is Acquisition?

A

Time it takes to make the association between response and consequence.

27
Q

What is shaping?

A

Reinforcing successive attempts toward a final response.
Baby steps.

28
Q

What is the schedule of reinforcement?

A

Timetable for determining when a behavior should get reinforcement.

29
Q

What is a Continuous schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce after every correct response.

30
Q

What is a Partial/Intermittent schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce only a fraction of correct responses.

31
Q

What are the 4 kinds of Partial schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval.

32
Q

What is the Fixed Ratio partial schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce set # of correct responses.

33
Q

What is the Fixed Interval partial schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce at set time intervals.

34
Q

What is the Variable Ratio partial schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce unpredictable, changing # of correct responses. Average responses.

35
Q

What is the Variable Interval partial schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reinforce at unpredictable, changing time intervals. Average time.

36
Q

What is the continuous schedule effect?

A

It is the quickest way of learning, but also has the quickest extinction.

37
Q

What is the Partial Reinforcement effect?

A

Variable of schedules make behaviors resistant to extinction.
Examples: Gambling and Superstitious stuff

38
Q

What is the response rate effect?

A

Response is stronger with variable schedules, Response is weaker with a fixed interval.

39
Q

What is extinction?

A

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

40
Q

What is an extinction burst?

A

Behavior increases rapidly before it decreases during operant extinction.

41
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

An extinguished response returns without reinforcement, after a delay in presentation of stimulus.

42
Q

What is generalization?

A

an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus. Or situation that is similar to the original one (stimulus generalization).

43
Q

What is discrimination?

A

an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.

44
Q

What is discriminative stimulus?

A

A signal that responding now or to this stimulus will bring you reinforcement. Indicates condition for reinforcement.

45
Q

What is Premack’s principle?

A

Reinforcing a less desired behavior with an opportunity to engage in a more desired one
Also called Grandma’s Rule.
Example: If you eat your veggies, you get dessert.

46
Q

What is Escape Conditioning?

A

Learning to end painful stimuli. The painful stimulus is present.

47
Q

What is Avoidance Conditioning?

A

Responding to a signal to avoid a painful stimulus. The painful stimulus is never received.

48
Q

What is Stimulus-Response (S-R) Psychology?

A

Learning involves the bonds between a stimulus and a response.
Operant and Classical conditioning.

49
Q

How does cognitive learning theory differ from association learning thoery?

A

In association learning theory, a persons mind (thoughts/feelings) are irrelevant. In cognitive learning theory, a persons mind (thoughts/feelings) are relevant.

50
Q

What is Observational Learning Theory?

A

Learn by watching others.
Children using adults/peers as models of behavior.

51
Q

Who founded Observational Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura.

52
Q

What is another name for Observational Learning Theory?

A

Social Learning Theory.

53
Q

What is the biological bases for observational learning?

A

Mirror Nuerons.

54
Q

What do mirror neurons do?

A

Fire when we see someone else do something

55
Q

What are the processes of Observational Learning Theory (4):

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.

56
Q

What is attention?

A

We must concentrate on the model’s behavior; modeling.

57
Q

What is Retention?

A

Memory, we must keep that information in memory so that it can be recalled when needed.

58
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Imitation, we must be physically capable of reproducing the model’s behavior.

59
Q

What is Motivation?

A

We must be motivated to display the behavior.

60
Q

What is direct reinforcement/punishment?

A

When someone is given a reinforcement/ punishment directly.
Example: Given extra credit randomly when answering a question.

61
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement/punishment?

A

When others are seen getting reinforcement/punishment for a behavior, so others increase/decrease that behavior.

Psych 201 Final (7 decks)

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