Chapter Seven Flashcards
Define concepts.
Categories of objects, event, ideas with common properties that are used for grouping.
What do concepts allow us to do?
Allow us to make comparison to a category we already know.
What are the three elements of a concept?
Defining attributes, prototypes, and exemplars.
What is meant by defining attributes?
Distinctive features, characteristics/traits.
What is a prototype?
An image that captures most or all of the features of concept.
Best representative of its category.
What are exemplars?
Our actual memories of the concept.
What is episodic memory?
A conscious memory of a previous experience.
Define language.
A system of symbols that society has agreed on their meaning and the rules for combining those symbols.
What are the two basic elements in definition of language?
Symbols (words) and rules (syntax).
What are phonemes?
Smallest unit of sound affecting speech.
How many phonemes are there in the English language?
40
Give an example of phonemes.
t, b, ph, th.
What are morphemes?
Smallest unit of language that has meaning.
Give an example of morphemes.
Prefixes, suffixes, and root words.
-ly, pre-, shoe.
What is syntax?
Grammatical rules used to combine words into phrases and sentences.
What is pragmatics?
Social conventions of language, the use of language in social settings.
Give examples of pragmatics.
Turn-taking, eye contact, and whispering.
How does the child communicate from birth to 2 months?
Crying.
What is cooing? When does it start, roughly?
Long vowel sounds. Starts at 2 months.
What is babbling? When does it start, roughly?
Consonant and vowel combinations. Starts at 6 months.
Give example of cooing.
oooooooo or aaaaaaaaaa
Give an example of babbling.
babababa or dadadada.
When do children start to speak first recognizable words.
Around 10-12 months.
What are the earliest words for American babies, normally?
Nouns.
What are holophrases?
One word speech. A single word to communicate a sentence of meaning.
Give an example of a holophrase.
Eller: “Wawa” means “I want water”.
What are overextensions?
Using the meaning of a word in more places than it applies.
Give an example of an overextension.
Eller: When we read the animal book and he calls a tiger “ma”, a giraffe “dada”, and a lion “dog”.
How many words should children know by age 2?
50 to 100.
What is telegraphic speech?
First sentences, tend to be 2 word speech. Using 2 words to communicate a sentence of meaning.
What are over-regularizations?
Using rules in places where they don’t apply.
What are the three main characteristics of the definition of intelligence?
The capacity to acquire knowledge, abstract thinking/reasoning abilities, and problem solving abilities that are adaptive for survival.
What are the two types of intelligence, according to Cattell?
Fluid and Crystallized intelligence.
What is fluid intelligence?
Innate, inherited reasoning abilities, mostly nonverbal.
Give examples of fluid intelligence.
Capacity of working memory, speed of information processing, and ability to control attention.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Acquired/learned abilities, heavily influenced by experience, education and environment. Mostly verbal.
Give examples of crystalized intelligence.
Vocabulary tests, information tests, and mathematics.
What does Gardner say about types of intelligence?
People possess at least eight types of intelligence.
What are Gardners 8 types of intelligence?
Linguistic, Logical-Mathematic, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Naturalistic.
What is Linguistic Intelligence?
Good vocab and reading comprehension.
What is Logical-Mathematic Intelligence?
Skills at arithmetic and certain kinds of reasoning.
What is Spatial Intelligence?
Visualize the relationship among objects in the environment.
What is Musical Intelligence?
Rhythm, tempo and timbre.
What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence?
Dancing, athletics, and eye-hand coordination.
What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?
Self understanding and self-awareness.
What is Interpersonal Intelligence?
Understands and interacts well with others.
What is Naturalistic Intelligence?
Sees patterns in nature.
Who is the father of the intelligence testing movement?
Alfred Binet.
What is mental age, according to Binet? How do you determine what it is?
Your age in mental development/ability. Can be determined with testing.
What is chronological age, according to Binet?
Your age in years lived.
How did Binet determine if a child is a candidate for his special classes?
Compared test scores (Mental Age) to Chronological Age and used a difference score to see if students were candidates for special classes.
How does Terman challenge the psychometrics of the Binet test?
Looked at intelligence in terms of a ratio of mental age to chronological age.
What is the formula for IQ, according to Terman?
CA x 100
How do we calculate IQ today?
No longer use mental age, they use a person’s standing in a normative group of individuals the same age.
What are the characteristics of the normal curve?
Standard score where the mean = 0 and the standard deviation = 1.
What is the average IQ today?
100
What are the two main types of IQ tests today?
Individual and group tests.
What is an individual IQ test?
One examiner to one examinee.
What are the two most widely used individual IQ tests today?
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler’s Tests.
What is the design of the Stanford-Binet?
Contained mostly verbal items, designed to measure 5 different abilities.
What are the 5 abilities measures in the Stanford-Binet?
Fluid reasoning, knowledge (general knowledge), quantitative reasoning, visual spatial processing, and working memory.
What are the three Wechsler tests and age limits for each?
WPPSI (3-7)
WISC (6-17)
WAIS (16-late adulthood)
Why is the Wechsler’s test better than the Stanford-Binet?
Gave much more detailed information about the examinees.
What are group IQ tests?
IQ tests between 1 examiner and many examinees.
What was the first group IQ test?
Armie Alpha
What was the second group IQ test?
Armie Beta
What are the three criteria for a good IQ test?
Standardization, Reliability, and Validity.
What is standardization?
The development of norms. Test scores derived from a large sample that represents age segments of the population. Normal curve is important. A set procedure for administering, scoring and interpreting the test and rigorously controlled testing procedures.
What is reliability?
Consistently yields same results that should be correlated.
What is Validity?
Test measures what it says it measures well. Test results should be correlated.
