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Psych 201 Final > Chapter Seven > Flashcards

Chapter Seven Flashcards

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1
Q

Define concepts.

A

Categories of objects, event, ideas with common properties that are used for grouping.

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2
Q

What do concepts allow us to do?

A

Allow us to make comparison to a category we already know.

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3
Q

What are the three elements of a concept?

A

Defining attributes, prototypes, and exemplars.

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4
Q

What is meant by defining attributes?

A

Distinctive features, characteristics/traits.

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5
Q

What is a prototype?

A

An image that captures most or all of the features of concept.
Best representative of its category.

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6
Q

What are exemplars?

A

Our actual memories of the concept.

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7
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

A conscious memory of a previous experience.

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8
Q

Define language.

A

A system of symbols that society has agreed on their meaning and the rules for combining those symbols.

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9
Q

What are the two basic elements in definition of language?

A

Symbols (words) and rules (syntax).

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10
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Smallest unit of sound affecting speech.

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11
Q

How many phonemes are there in the English language?

A

40

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12
Q

Give an example of phonemes.

A

t, b, ph, th.

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13
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Smallest unit of language that has meaning.

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14
Q

Give an example of morphemes.

A

Prefixes, suffixes, and root words.
-ly, pre-, shoe.

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15
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical rules used to combine words into phrases and sentences.

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16
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

Social conventions of language, the use of language in social settings.

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17
Q

Give examples of pragmatics.

A

Turn-taking, eye contact, and whispering.

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18
Q

How does the child communicate from birth to 2 months?

A

Crying.

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19
Q

What is cooing? When does it start, roughly?

A

Long vowel sounds. Starts at 2 months.

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20
Q

What is babbling? When does it start, roughly?

A

Consonant and vowel combinations. Starts at 6 months.

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21
Q

Give example of cooing.

A

oooooooo or aaaaaaaaaa

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22
Q

Give an example of babbling.

A

babababa or dadadada.

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23
Q

When do children start to speak first recognizable words.

A

Around 10-12 months.

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24
Q

What are the earliest words for American babies, normally?

A

Nouns.

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25
Q

What are holophrases?

A

One word speech. A single word to communicate a sentence of meaning.

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26
Q

Give an example of a holophrase.

A

Eller: “Wawa” means “I want water”.

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27
Q

What are overextensions?

A

Using the meaning of a word in more places than it applies.

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28
Q

Give an example of an overextension.

A

Eller: When we read the animal book and he calls a tiger “ma”, a giraffe “dada”, and a lion “dog”.

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29
Q

How many words should children know by age 2?

A

50 to 100.

30
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

First sentences, tend to be 2 word speech. Using 2 words to communicate a sentence of meaning.

31
Q

What are over-regularizations?

A

Using rules in places where they don’t apply.

32
Q

What are the three main characteristics of the definition of intelligence?

A

The capacity to acquire knowledge, abstract thinking/reasoning abilities, and problem solving abilities that are adaptive for survival.

33
Q

What are the two types of intelligence, according to Cattell?

A

Fluid and Crystallized intelligence.

34
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Innate, inherited reasoning abilities, mostly nonverbal.

35
Q

Give examples of fluid intelligence.

A

Capacity of working memory, speed of information processing, and ability to control attention.

36
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Acquired/learned abilities, heavily influenced by experience, education and environment. Mostly verbal.

37
Q

Give examples of crystalized intelligence.

A

Vocabulary tests, information tests, and mathematics.

38
Q

What does Gardner say about types of intelligence?

A

People possess at least eight types of intelligence.

39
Q

What are Gardners 8 types of intelligence?

A

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematic, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Naturalistic.

40
Q

What is Linguistic Intelligence?

A

Good vocab and reading comprehension.

41
Q

What is Logical-Mathematic Intelligence?

A

Skills at arithmetic and certain kinds of reasoning.

42
Q

What is Spatial Intelligence?

A

Visualize the relationship among objects in the environment.

43
Q

What is Musical Intelligence?

A

Rhythm, tempo and timbre.

44
Q

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence?

A

Dancing, athletics, and eye-hand coordination.

45
Q

What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?

A

Self understanding and self-awareness.

46
Q

What is Interpersonal Intelligence?

A

Understands and interacts well with others.

47
Q

What is Naturalistic Intelligence?

A

Sees patterns in nature.

48
Q

Who is the father of the intelligence testing movement?

A

Alfred Binet.

49
Q

What is mental age, according to Binet? How do you determine what it is?

A

Your age in mental development/ability. Can be determined with testing.

50
Q

What is chronological age, according to Binet?

A

Your age in years lived.

51
Q

How did Binet determine if a child is a candidate for his special classes?

A

Compared test scores (Mental Age) to Chronological Age and used a difference score to see if students were candidates for special classes.

52
Q

How does Terman challenge the psychometrics of the Binet test?

A

Looked at intelligence in terms of a ratio of mental age to chronological age.

53
Q

What is the formula for IQ, according to Terman?

A

CA x 100

54
Q

How do we calculate IQ today?

A

No longer use mental age, they use a person’s standing in a normative group of individuals the same age.

55
Q

What are the characteristics of the normal curve?

A

Standard score where the mean = 0 and the standard deviation = 1.

56
Q

What is the average IQ today?

A

100

57
Q

What are the two main types of IQ tests today?

A

Individual and group tests.

58
Q

What is an individual IQ test?

A

One examiner to one examinee.

59
Q

What are the two most widely used individual IQ tests today?

A

Stanford-Binet and Wechsler’s Tests.

60
Q

What is the design of the Stanford-Binet?

A

Contained mostly verbal items, designed to measure 5 different abilities.

61
Q

What are the 5 abilities measures in the Stanford-Binet?

A

Fluid reasoning, knowledge (general knowledge), quantitative reasoning, visual spatial processing, and working memory.

62
Q

What are the three Wechsler tests and age limits for each?

A

WPPSI (3-7)
WISC (6-17)
WAIS (16-late adulthood)

63
Q

Why is the Wechsler’s test better than the Stanford-Binet?

A

Gave much more detailed information about the examinees.

64
Q

What are group IQ tests?

A

IQ tests between 1 examiner and many examinees.

65
Q

What was the first group IQ test?

A

Armie Alpha

66
Q

What was the second group IQ test?

A

Armie Beta

67
Q

What are the three criteria for a good IQ test?

A

Standardization, Reliability, and Validity.

68
Q

What is standardization?

A

The development of norms. Test scores derived from a large sample that represents age segments of the population. Normal curve is important. A set procedure for administering, scoring and interpreting the test and rigorously controlled testing procedures.

69
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistently yields same results that should be correlated.

70
Q

What is Validity?

A

Test measures what it says it measures well. Test results should be correlated.

Psych 201 Final (7 decks)

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