chapter seven (operant/classical conditioning) Flashcards
learning
relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
change not due to innate responses or maturation
association learning
learning that two events occur together
two stimulus
a response and its conquences
classical conditioning
we learn to associate two stimuli
ivan povlov (1849-1936)
russian physician/neurophysiologist
nobel bell in 1904
studied digestive secretions
dwight/jim
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that unconditionally -automatically and naturally- triggers a response
unconditioned response (UCR)
not learned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth
extinction
diminishing of a CR
in classical conditioning, when a USC does not follower a CS
spontantous recovery
reappearance of CR after a period of extincntion
spontaneous generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit a CR
discrimination
only the CS causes the CR
eg. smell of tuna has no effect, but smell of salmon causes feeling of sickness
law of effect
behvaiour followed by favourable consquencese (reward) become more likely
behaviour followed by unfavourable consquences (punishment) become less likely
operant conditioning
type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
reinforcer
any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows(reward)
shaping
reinforcers guide behaviour toward successive approximations of a desired goal or behaviour
B.F skinner (1904-1990)
elaborated thorndike’s law of effect
developed behvaioural technology
Skinner Box (operant chamber)
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
primary reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulis
eg. food
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus gains its reinforcing power through it’s association with primary reinforcer
eg. money or good grade
positive reinforcement
add a positive stimulus (a hug)
negitive reinforcement
remove aversive stimulus (seatbelt turn off, buzzing stops)
continuous reinforcement
reinforce the desried reponse everytime it occurs
inital learning is rapid
extiniction occurs quickly
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquistion
greater resistance to extinction
fixed reinforcement
reinforcement is predictable
varible reinforcement
reinforcement is unpredictable
ratio reinforcement
the desired behvaiour must be completed to recieve the reinforcement
interval reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time. is not dependent on the behvaiour occuring
fixed ratio reinforcement
reinforces a response only after a specified # of response (eg. every 10 trails)
faster you repsond the more rewards you get
different ratios
very high rate of responding
like piecework pay
fixed interval reinforcement
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
eg. every 15 minutes
reponse occurs, more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
variable ratio reinforcement
reinforces a response after a unpredictable number of responses
eg. gambling, fishing
variable interval reinforcement
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
produces slow steady responding
like pop quiz
punishment
aversive event that decreases the behvaiour that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behvaiour
opposite of reinforcement
can have negitive side effects
postitive punishment
administer an averse stimulus
eg. spanking/parking ticket
observational learning
method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions
negative punishmetn
In the case of negative punishment, it involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.
take kids phone away when bad
conditioned stimulus
he conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
acquistion
the learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality
conditioned response
the conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. … The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response
