Chapter Review Flashcards
Thinking is…
-a mental manipulation of information
What is a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities that share certain properties?
-concept
What instances of a concept are more representative than others?
-prototypical
What kinds of concepts are easier to acquire, and have a moderate amount of instances?
-basic concepts
What groups concepts together to express a unitary idea?
-propositions
Define: cognitive schemas
-many propositions can form cognitive schemas, which serve as mental models of aspects of the world
Define: subconscious processes
-lie outside of awareness but can be brought into consciousness when necessary
Define: nonconscious processes
-remain outside of awareness, but are involved in “intuition” and implicit learning
__________ keeps people from recognizing the need for a change in behavior
-mindlessness
Define: reasoning
-mental activity that involves drawing inferences and conclusions from observations
Formal reasoning problems can often be solved by…
- applying an algorithim
- logical processes
- deductive reasoning
- inductive reasoning
What types of problems often have no clearly correct solution?
-informal reasoning problems
Define: heuristics
-rules of thumb that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution
Define: dialetical reasoning
-compating and evaluating opposing points of view
Define: reflective judgment
-ability to evaluate and integrate evidence, consider alter interpretations, and reach a defensible conclusion
Exaggerating the probability of improbable events is due in part to…
- affect heuristic
- availability heuristic
Avoidance of loss makes people susceptible to __________. People are more cautious when words are worded in terms of ____ rather than _____
- framing effect
- loss, gain
What causes people to have cognitive dissonance?
-when 2 cognitions or a cognition and a behavior conflict
What is a way to reduce postdecision dissonance?
-justification of effort
What are some more cognitive biases that have not been mentioned?
- hindsight bias
- confirmation bias
- formation of mental sets
Define: intelligence
-ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to change
The psychometric approach to intelligence focuses on…
-performance on standardized aptitude tests
The use of factor analysis helps…
-identify clusters of correlated items on a test that measure some common ability, such as g factor in intelligence
Who came up with the idea of mental age (MA)?
-Alfred Binet
