Chapter Q&As Flashcards
Chapter 1: Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism//Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: The Nervous System
Chapter 1
Respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration and expiration. The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax is called the:
Diaphragm
Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves:
X, XI
The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called:
Efferent neurons
*An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the:
Diencephalon
The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses, which are the:
Globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen
The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movements is the:
Cerebellum
*The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the:
Corpus collosum and basal ganglia
The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds?
m, n, ng
These are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.
Aryepiglottic folds
The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is:
CN X, the vagus nerve
(with XI)
Note: tensor veli palatini (V)
*Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the:
Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini
LVP is primary elevator of velum; TVP tenses velum; Palatoglossus evelates and depresses velum; Palatopharyngeus narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx
The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the:
Lingual frenum
*When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the:
Genioglossus
Protrusion=genioglossus; Retrusion=hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus; Depression=genioglossus, hyoglossus; Elevation=styloglossus; Shortening=longitudinal intrinsic fibers; Narrowing=transverse intrinsic fibers; Flattening=vertical intrinsic fibers
Note: Extrinsics= genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus; Intrinsics= superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical
*Which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds?
Lateral cricoarytenoid and transverse arytenoid
TA vibrates and produces sound; oblique arytenoid pulls apex of arytenoid medially; CT lengthens and tenses VFs; PCA abducts VFs
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by:
Commissural fibers
The central nervous system’s primary mechanism of attention, alertness, and consciousness, which is also related to sleep-wake cycles, is the:
Reticular activating system
The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the:
Precentral gyrus
Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe is critical to the comprehension of spoken language
B. Wernicke’s area is connected to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus
C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex
D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpretation of somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature
E. The pyramidal system consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
Answer: D
The angular gyrus is in the parietal lobe
Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The cerebral ventricles are interconnected cavities filled with fluid produced by the dura mater
B. The meninges of the brain consist of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
C. The basilar artery eventually divides into four posterior cerebral arteries
D. The external carotid artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain
E. The circle of Willis prevents a common blood supply to various cerebral branches
Answer: B
Cerebral ventricles are interconnected cavities filled with CSF produced by the choroid plexus; Basilar artery divides into two posterior cerebral arteries; The internal carotid artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain; Circle of Willis provides a common blood supply to various cerebral branches
Chapter 2: Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation
Chapter 2
The term coarticulation refers to:
The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
Broad phonemic transcription involves:
The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g., /f/)
The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are:
Mass and elasticity
A sinusoidal wave is a sound wave:
With horizontal and vertical symmetry, with one peak and one valley, with a single frequency, that is the result of simple harmonic motion
A natural frequency is a frequency:
With which a source of sound vibrates naturally and is affected by the mass and stiffness of the vibrating body
An octave is:
An indication of the interval between two frequencies
The back-and-forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object is referred to as:
Oscillation
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as:
The fundamental frequency or first harmonic
When two or more sounds of differing frequencies are added, the result is:
Complex tone; the vibrations that make up this complex tone may be said to be periodic or aperiodic
*When a speaker is producing a vowel and the vowel is being acoustically analyzed, one can state as a general rule that:
F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity)
In a periodic complex sound, tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called:
Harmonics
Chapter 3: Language Development in Children
Chapter 3
Who explained language acquisition as the development of verbal behavior?
Skinner (1957)
Behavioral theory: learning, environmental contingencies
Who proposed that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) that contains universal rules of language?
Chomsky (1957)
Nativist theory: deep and surface structures, language competence vs performance, “Minimalist Program”
Proponents of which theory state that cognition and intellectual processes make language acquisition possible?
Cognitive theory
Piaget (1954): strong cognition hypothesis states that children pass through 4 overlapping developmental cognitive stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations)
Which theory focuses on HOW language is learned and what types of cognitive functioning are necessary for language learning?
Information-processing theory
Emphasis on auditory processing (phonological and temporal), composed of the components of auditory discrimination, attention, memory, rate, and sequencing;
Which theory was influenced by Vygotsky (1962) and emphasized language function over language structure?
Social interactionism theory
Language develops as a function of social interaction between child and environment; motivation is key
“Hi doggy” is an example of:
Notice (hi + noun)
“That chair” is an example of:
Nomination (demonstrative + noun)
“Knife spoon” is an example of:
Conjunction (noun + noun)
A child using “recurrence” would say:
“More cookie”
An example of a sentence using an embedded form would be:
“The boy who got a haircut looks nice”
Embedded forms rearrange or add elements within sentences (e.g., “The man who came to dinner stayed a week”)
Which of the following does not occur between 8 and 10 months of age in the typically developing child?
Using “all gone” to express emerging negation; this usually emerges between 1 and 2 years of age
Does occur: Comprehension of “no,” Uncovering a hidden toy (beginning of object permanence), Variegated babbling, Use of gestural language (e.g., shaking head no, playing peek-a-boo)
You see that Ashton, a 7 y/o girl, has difficulties in conversational exchanges with peers and they frequently ignore her. You notice that when talking with you, Ashton seems uncomfortable and doesn’t say much, even when you use fun games and toys. In therapy, your first priority with Ashton will be to:
Increase her skills in discourse, or skills in the give-and-take of conversation
“In,” “on,” and “under” are examples of:
Locatives
“Him no eat cookies” is an example of:
4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun
Which of the following Piagetian stages, which includes object permanence, corresponds with the emergence of a typically developing child’s first word?
Sensorimotor
Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operations (7-11), formal operations (>11)
Halliday (1975) describes 7 communicative functions that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. “Why doggy bark?” is an example of which one of Halliday’s intents?
Heuristic: want environment/events explained
1) Imaginative
2) Heuristic: want environment/events explained
3) Regulatory: control behaviors of others
4) Personal: express feelings/attitudes; self-awareness
5) Informative
6) Instrumental: want assistance or things from others
7) Interactional: initiate interactions with others
Matthew is 3.5 y/o and he consistently uses -ing, in/on, and regular plural -s. Which morphemes would you begin with when Matthew starts therapy?
Irregular past tense verbs
II: -ing, in/on, reg. plural -s,
III: irreg past tense verbs, possessive -s, uncontr copula
IV: articles, -ed, 3PS -s
V: irreg3PS(does has), uncontr aux, contr cop, contr aux
Mandy has difficulties with rhyming words and sounding words out. She also has a hard time remembering 3-4 step directions. Mandy might have difficulties in which of the following?
Phonological processing and temporal auditory processing
Chapter 4: Language Disorders in Children
Chapter 4
Which technique involves describing and commenting on what a child is doing while playing (e.g., “you are making the car go fast” or “that pig is pink”)?
Parallel talk
You are working with an adolescent, Alyssa, who has receptive and expressive language problems. She is getting Ds in most of her classes at the junior high school and has few friends. In therapy, it would be best to target:
Increasing social use of language and collaborating with the classroom teachers
A child who shows slow, writhing, involuntary movements has which type of cerebral palsy?
Athetoid
A child with TBI would most likely manifest:
Impaired word retrieval and comprehension, and lack of attention and memory problems
Which of the following is false in regards to treatment of children with language disorders
Because many children with language disorders have difficulties with auditory processing, clinicians should conduct therapy primarily though the auditory modality
Best to use a multimodal approach!
You find that an 8-year-old child, Allyson, has a TTR of .31. You conclude that:
Allyson is low in her lexical skills, or the number of words she uses expressively
For children 3-8 y/o, the TTR is typically 1:2, or .5
In order to help a child who uses an AAC device communicate more effectively, the SLP needs to make sure that the symbols on the device are:
Transparent (vs opaque)
Because of Justin’s diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome, you can assume that Justin will probably have characteristics such as:
Seemingly excellent vocabulary, seemingly normal syntactic skills, and speech which often seems to be a “monologue” where Justin does not allow his conversational partner to take turns
*SCERTS approach refers to:
The SCERTS model emphasizes the importance of targeting goals in Social Communication and Emotional Regulation by implementing Transactional Supports, which include visual supports, environmental arrangements, and communication style adjustments
Chapter 5: Articulatory-Phonological Development and Speech Sound Disorders
Chapter 5
Which speech sound disorder treatment approach is best for children with several discrete sounds in error (e.g., /s/, /r/) with physical difficulty producing those sounds?
Motor approach, which includes:
a) Van Riper’s traditional approach
b) McDonald’s sensory motor approach
Motor approaches focus on remediating motor difficulties and faulty perceptual abilities
Which speech sound disorder treatment approach is best for highly unintelligible children who are assumed to have underlying phonological systems that differ from those of the adult speech community?
Linguistic approach, which includes:
a) Distinctive features approach
b) Contrast approaches
c) Phonological process approach
* Many children benefit from metaphon therapy and phonological awareness therapy
Linguistic approaches attempt to establish phonological rules in children’s repertoires and treat underlying patterns or rules instead of discrete phonemes
A 5 y/o child presents with “th”/s, t/f, w/r, d/”th”, and j/l substitutions. You would begin therapy by addressing which substitution:
t/f substitution (i.e., targeting /f/)
Vowels before consonants; nasals mastered between 3-4 y/o; stops (/p/ first) before fricatives (stops mastered 3-4.5 y/o); glides before fricatives (glides mastered 2-4 y/o); liquids mastered bet 3-7 y/o; fricative /f/ mastered earlier than other fricatives (around 3 y/o) w/ fricatives “th,” “th,” “sh,” “s,” and “z” mastered bet 3-6 y/o; clusters are acquired later than most other sounds
In Oller’s stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes:
Variegated babbling
Stages:
1) Phonation (0-1 mos): most vocalizations are reflexive
2) Cooing/gooing (2-4 mos): /u/, some velar sounds
3) Expansion (4-6 mos): “playing” with speech mechanism; growl, squeal, yell, rasberries, CV-like combos and V-like sounds
4) Canonical/reduplicated babbling (6-8 mos): CV strings
5) Variegated babbling (8 mos-1 yr): CV w/ variety of CVs
The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish:
Production of a phoneme in isolation
technique of phonetic placement is used when a child cannot imitate the modeled production
The articulation therapy approach that emphasizes the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily utilizes the concept of phonetic environment is:
McDonald’s sensory-motor approach
Damien, a 4:3 y/o, uses gliding, consonant cluster reduction, stopping, reduplication, and final-consonant deletion. You would begin treatment by addressing:
Reduplication
- Disappears by 3: reduplication, syllable deletion, assimilation, prevocalic voicing, fronting of velars, final consonant deletion, diminutization
- Persists after 3: final consonant devoicing, consonant cluster reduction, stopping, epenthesis, gliding, depalatalization, vocalization
*Which of the following is FALSE regarding dental deviations?
A. Skeletal malocclusion refers to deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla
B. Dental malocclusion refers to deviations in the positioning of individual teeth
C. In class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly; however, some individual teeth are misaligned
D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded
E. Overjet occurs when a child has a class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth
Answer: D
Class III: maxilla receded, mandible protruded; “underbite”; Class II: “overbite”
*Which of the following is FALSE re: treatment of children with SSDs?
A. Distinctive features approach is used to find child’s underlying patterns (e.g., probs with feature of nasality) and train sound(s) in that pattern in hopes that generalization to other sounds in that pattern will occur
B. Hodson and Paden’s cycles approach involves treating children with phonological disorders in cycles which the child is trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns, e.g., FCD and fronting
C. Van Riper’s approach focuses on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination/perceptual training, and drill-like repetition/practice at increasingly complex motor levels until sounds are accurate in spontaneous conversation
D. In minimal pair contrast therapy, the SLP uses pairs of words that differ by only one feature
E. Children whose SSDs are phonological in nature accompanied by difficulties in language are at the greater risk for failing to achieve phonological awareness and eventual literacy skills; thus, it is important to incorporate phonological awareness treatment into therapy sessions with them
Answer: B
In Hodson and Paden’s cycles approach, children are NOT trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns. Rather, the clinician introduces correct patterns, gives the child limited practice with production of those patterns, and moves on to other error patterns
In the distinctive approach, you would:
Try to find underlying patterns and train sound(s) in those patterns in hopes that generalization t other sounds in that pattern would occur AND… use minimal pairs
An SLP wants to help a 3 y/o who has demonstrated difficulties acquiring the rules of the phonological system, and the SLP decides to help the child pay attention to the phonological structure of language as well as help the child develop awareness that sounds can be classified by characteristics such as place (front-back), duration (long-short), and others. To achieve this goal, the SLP will most likely use:
Metaphon therapy
Used w/ preschoolers; based on metalinguistic awareness; assumes prob with acquisition of rules of the phonological system; SLPs give info to encourage child to make own changes
–E.g., “Here is a picture of a cat. You said ‘ca-.’ I heard the engine and middle train car, but the caboose was left out. Can you say the word again with the caboose, too?”
Chapter 6: Fluency and Its Disorders
Chapter 6
Stuttering may be defined as:
All types of dysfluencies that exceed 5% of words spoken; Production of part-word repetitions and speech-sound prolongations; Movements or events judged to be stutterings; Anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction
Stuttering is more prevalent in ___ than in ___.
Men, women
Stuttering occurs at such predictable loci as:
Initial sounds and words, consonants, longer and unfamiliar words, content words in older children and adults, and function words in younger children
Stuttering is under strong stimulus control, as evidenced by such phenomena as…
1) Adaptation=decrease w/ repeated oral reading
2) Consistency=persistent stuttering on same loci
3) Adjacency=new stuttering on loci adjacent to old
4) Audience size=increase with increased # of listeners
Neurophysiological hypotheses propose that people who stutter have:
Abnormal laryngeal control, abnormal cerebral language processing, or aberrant neuromotor control of the speech mechanism
Van Riper’s fluent stuttering method aims to:
Reduce the abnormality of stuttering through cancellations, pull-outs, and preparatory sets
Cancellations: pausing after stuttered word and saying word again with easy and more relaxed stuttering
Pull-outs: changing stuttering mid-course
Preparatory sets: changing the manner of stuttering…
The fluency shaping method aims to:
Include airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, rate reduction, and shaping normal prosody
Fluency reinforcement and time-outs involves:
Teaching pausing after every instance of stuttering
Response cost involves:
Losing a tangible reinforcer after every instance of stuttering
What is cluttering?
Includes rapid but disordered articulation, possibly combined with a high rate of dysfluencies and disorganized thought and language. Treatment is similar to that of stuttering.
