Chapter One; Bio 210 (Systems) Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structure of body and structural relationship between its parts
Physiology
study of function of body and its functional relationship between its parts
Clinical or Pathological Anatomy
study of change in structure due to disease or disaster
Surface Anatomy
using palpation of the body for abnormalties
Saggital Plane
Down the middle. Anterior cephalic to anterior scrotum
Frontal Plane
Down the side.
Transverse Plane
Through the abdomen.
Dividing Planes
Extremities- proximal or distal
Other- superior or inferior
Types of Anatomy
5 types Systemic- study by systems Regional- study by areas Surface- study external features Organ- study by organ Clinical- study of chance due to disease or disaster
Levels of Organization
Chemical- atoms
Organelle- permanent/important structural/functional unit within a cell
Cell- basic structural and functional unit of life
Tissue- group of specialized cells arranged to function together
Organ- 2 or more different tissues that work together
Organ System- 2 or more organs that work together to perform complex functions
Organism: Living things
Organelle
Permanent/important structural/functional unit within a cell
Tissue
Group of specialized cells arranged to function together
Organ System
2 or more organs that work together to perform complex functions
Organ
2 or more different tissues that work together
Characteristics of Life
Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction
Organizaiton
Parts of organisms have specific relationships to each other and they interact to perform specific functions
Metabolism
All chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism
Responsiveness
Organism sense changes in external and internal environment and makes adjustment to maintain life
Growth
Increase in size of all or part of organism
Development
Changes organism undergoes (birth—–death)
Reproduction
Formation of new cells OR new organism
Homeostasis
Body’s ability to maintain a physiological balance in the face of constant internal and external change
Homeostatic Mechanism
Maintaining a set point (shivering, sweating)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Body attempts to NEGATE or REVERSE effects of stimulus that causes change. Example: Body Temp.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Body attempts to INCREASE or INTENSIFY the stimulus, not reverse. (very rare) Example: Blod clot, clots until the stimulus is no longer needed.
Visceral Peritomeum
Surrounds organs
Parietal Peritoneum
lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity and inferior surface of diaphram
Peritoneal Cavity
between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
Serous Membrane
covers organs; fluid produced by membranes
Retroperitoneal Cavity
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder; NOT part of paritoneal cavity
Organ Systems
Nervous Lymphatic Digestive Respirtatory Muscular Skeletal Urinary Endocrine Reproductive Cardiovascular Integumentary
Reprductive
Site of fertilization (ovary, testes)
Urinary
Removes waste from blood (kidney, bladder, urethra)
Digestive
Digestion, absorption, and removal of wastes (liver, gallbladder, appendix, rectum, intestines)
Muscular
Body movements, posture, body heat (muscles)
Respiratory
Exchange 02 and CO2 between blood and air (nose, trachea, pharynx, bronchi, lungs)
Lymphatic
Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph. Maintains tissue fluid balance (lymph node, tonsils, spleen, axillary and inguinal lymph node)
Cardiovascular
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones (veins, arteries, aortas, jugular, vena cava)
Endocrine
Metabolism, growth and hormones (Thyroid, Pancreas, Testes, Adrenals, Ovaries)
Nervous
Detects sensations and controls movements (brain, spine, nerves)
Skeletal
Protection and support body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat (bones)
Integumentary
Provides protection, regulates temp., reduces water loss (skin)
Anatomical Position
standing erect, face directed forward, limbs handing freely and palms facing forward
Internal Environment
Inside body; ECF (extracellular fluid)
Intracellular Environment
Cells; ICF (Intracellular fluid) ; called cytosol
Homeostatic Regulation
Primarily controlled by Nervous and Endocrine System. Nervous: Action potential (nerve impulses) Faster! Effects over rapidly Endocrine: Hormones Slower Effects last longer
Five Components of Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms (RACEE)
Receptor Afferent Control Center Efferent Effector
Receptor
Receives some kind of stimulus
Afferent Pathway
From receptor to control center
Control Center
Receives information from receptor, integrates info., then sends response
Efferent Pathway
Control Center to Effector;
Effector
Structure that responds to control center. MUSCLES and/or GLANDS (cause change)
True Body cavities
Dorsal: Brain and Spine
Ventral: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic –> Abdominal and Pelvic
Excretion
Elimination of bodily wastes (CO2, sugars, acids)
