Chapter 6; Bio 210 (Bones) Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Skull- cranial and facial
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage- sternum, rib cage
Hyoid Bone-
Appendicular
upper and lower appendeges and skeletal girdles attaching them to the skeletal system
Upper Girdle or Shoulder Girdle (Pectoral)
Clavicle and Scapula
Lower Girdle or Pelvic Girdle (Coaxal)
Ilium and Ischium and Pubic bones
Three tissue types that form the skeletal system
Bones, cartilage and ligaments
Three major types of skeletal cartilages
-hyaline, fibro, elastic
Flat Bone
sternum, cranial bones and scapula and ribs
Long Bone
longer than they are cylindrically wide and has epifecies
Irregular
any vertebrae bones, the entire coaxal bone
Sutural or Wormian
in the cranial bone that combine two bones
Sesamoid Bone
ex: patella
Proximal and Distal Epihesis
ends of the bones
Proximal and Distal Metaphysis
ends before the ends of the bone
Diaphysis
area between proximal and distal epiphesis
Periosteum
outside lining of bone
Endosteum
inside of the bone (marrow cavity) yellow bone marrow
Spongy Bone
soft inside of the bone
Compact Bone
outside of the marrow
Red Bone Marrow
found in spongy bone (hematopoesis)
Yellow Bone Marrow
stores energy
Epiphesial Plate
a juvenile bone that is still growing from hyaline cartilage until the cartilage ossifies at a later age
Epiphesial Line
once the bone is mature and the cartilage ossifies
Osteon
Rings around the central canal of osseous tissue (strength in the circular shape for compression)
Central Canal
Holes that contain vessels and nerves
Lamellae
distance between one concentric rings to another
Osteocyte
bone cell
Lacunae
composed of osetocytes
Canaliculus
tunnel through the extracellular matrix that connects lamellae and osteocytes
Sutures to know
Frontal, Saggital, Lambdoid, Squamous
Olfactory Foramen
holes in the Ethmoid bone which enhances smell to the brain
Ethmoid Bone
composed of the ‘Crista Galli’ (holds connective tissues to hold brain in place) and the ‘Cribriform Plate’
*Cribriform- any plate with holes in it (noodles)
Sella Turcica
holds the pituitary gland in the cranial cavity
Sphenoid Bone
- lesser and greater wing
- optic canal (optic nerve goes through the sphenoid bone to the optic canal)
2 categories of ribs
true ribs and false ribs- floating ribs
True Ribs
superior 7 pair of ribs
False Ribs
Inferior 5 pair (Indirected hyaline cartilage)
Floating RIbs
11 and 12 ribs
Vertebral Column
Cervical 1- 7 (C7 spinous process) Thoracic 1-12 Lumbar 1-5 Sacral 5 fused Coccyx 4 fused
Lumbar vertebrae
largest body of all
2/3 of bone made of and 1/3 made of
Calcium Phosphate (2/3) Collagen (1/3)
Osteocyte
mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
Osteoblast
produces new bone matrix
Osteoclasts
breaks done osteo cells
-releases hydrogen H ion and since there is always an abundant amount of Cl in interstitial fluid they bind together to form an acid which break downs bone.
-releases enzymes that go out and breaks down the protens
(enzymes break down proteins and acid breaks down ground substances)
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells that become osteocytes
Preiosteum
2 layers of
- tough outer fibrous layer
- inner cellular layer
3 functions of Periosteum
isolates bone from surrounding tissues
provides route for circulatory system
bone growth and repair
Endosteum
lines the inside surfaces of bone
Endosteum contains
osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells (active in bone growth and repair)
Fibrous Connective Tissue Membrane
once formed are called ‘membrane bones’ (intramembrous)
Hyaline Cartilage
endochondral bone (most all bones)
Intramembranous ossification
flat bones of cranium, mandible, and clavicles (parietal, occipital)
Endochondral ossification
most all bones (begin as hyaline cartilage)
-begin after 8 weeks of development
Postnatal Growth of Long Bones
Interstitial and Appositional
Interstitial Growth
growth of a long bone in length
-occurs in epiphesial plates (ends and is called an epiphesial line)
Appositional Growth
growth in diameter of long bone
- osteoblasts make bone larger
- osteoclasts breaks down the bone
Collagen
protein fibers in bone
Bone Remodeling
osteoblast activity - bones are getting stronger
osteoclast activity - bones are getting weaker
Hypocalcemia
blood calcium falls
Hypercalcemia
blood calcium rises
Parathyroid glands
releases PTH which increases calcium ion levels in body fluids
-located posterior to thyroid gland
PTH
Parathyroid Hormone
Steps of PTH (Calcium Homeostasis)
1-stimulates osteoclasts
2-increases intestinal absorption of calcium ions
3-decreases the rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys
Calcitonin
secreted from the Thyroid Gland which DECREASES calcium ion levels in body fluids
Steps of Calcitonin
1- inhibits osteoclasts activity
2-increases calcium ion excretion at kidneys
Calcium
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
bone matrix
blood clotting
Phosphorus
ATP
phospholipids
bone matrix
4 steps of Repairing Fractuces
- bleeding produces clot (fracture hematoma) bone cells in area die, inflammation occurs
- external and internal calluses form to stabilize break, clot dissolves and macrophages clean up area
- both calluses are ossified over 4-6 weeks, first bone formed is spongy bone
- osteoblasts and osteocytes continue to remodel the fractuce up to a year replacing spongy with compact bone
Pott’s fractuce
distal ankle
Colle’s fracture
distal radius
Greenstick Fracture
breaks but one end stays in place
Osteoporosis
condition of severe bone loss extensive to impair normal function
