Chapter Four Cell Structure Flashcards
Chapter Four
What membrane-bound structures prevent excess water buildup in some protists by expanding as water enters the cell, then contracting and expelling their contents to the exterior of the cell?
Multiple choice question.
Contractile vacuole
Food vacuole
Lysosomes
Glyoxysomes
Peroxisomes
Contractile vacuole
Which of the following proteins are found in bacteria and act similarly to cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotic cells?
Multiple select question.
Actin
MreB
mRNA
α tubulin
FtsZ
MreB
FtsZ
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with
_____The result is a lipid droplet.
phospholipid
Vacuoles function in plant cells in which of the following capacities?
Multiple select question.
They segregate toxic materials.
They store items.
They deal with tonicity.
They perform biosynthesis.
They participate in ATP synthesis.
They segregate toxic materials.
They store items.
They deal with tonicity.
During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used?
Multiple choice question.
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Actin
Actin
Choose all the variables that affect the rate of diffusion of a substance through the plasma membrane.
Multiple select question.
The thickness of the membrane
The pH inside the cell
The concentration gradient of the substance
The temperature
The surface area of the membrane
The amount of ATP in the cell
The thickness of the membrane
The concentration gradient of the substance
The temperature
The surface area of the membrane
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between a cell’s surface area and its volume?
Multiple choice question.
The smaller the cell, the smaller its surface area-to-volume ratio is
incorrect
Reason: As the volume of a cell increases, its surface area also increases, but to a lesser extent. Thus, as a cell increases, its surface to volume ratio becomes smaller. At some point, the amount of surface is no longer adequate to serve the needs of the increasing volume, which limits the size of cells.
Regardless of their size, all cells have roughly the same surface area-to-volume ratio
The smaller the cell, the larger its surface area-to-volume ratio is
The smaller the cell, the larger its surface area-to-volume ratio is
The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?
Multiple choice question.
Synthesis of lipids
Degradation of macromolecules
Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material
Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material
Large vacuoles are characteristic of which types of cells?
Multiple select question.
Bacterial cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
Fungal cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
Specialized compartments that can function in water balance and storage of useful molecules and waste products are called Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
lysosomes
nuclei
mitochondria
vacuoles
vacuoles
The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope
covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells.
Multiple select question.
Microtubules
Actin
Dynein/Dynactin complexes
Myosin
Microtubules
Actin
Indicate the functions of the Golgi apparatus.
Multiple select question.
Breaking down proteins and old organelles
Modifying and packaging proteins
Packaging molecules into transport vesicles
Synthesizing proteins on ribosomes
Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell
Modifying and packaging proteins
Packaging molecules into transport vesicles
Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell
Lysosomes contain enzymes which are able to break down which of the following?
Multiple select question.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Drugs (for example, antibiotics)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
What is the fluid matrix inside the inner membrane but outside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast called?
Multiple choice question.
Grana
Stroma
Cristae
Thylakoid
Stroma
What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants?
Multiple select question.
Synthesis of lipids
Synthesis of proteins
Storage of pigments
Waste storage
Storage of pigments
Waste storage
The inner surface of the nuclear envelope is covered with a network of intermediate filament fibers. The network is known as the nuclear
_____
and the filament fibers that compose it are called ____
lamina and lamins
The cell wall of which type of cell is composed of chitin?
Multiple choice question.
Fungal
Bacteria
Plant
Protist
Fungal
The fibers of the
____ provide the scaffolding to hold certain enzymes in place in a cell.
cytoskeleton
The
____ are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.
thylakoids
Identify the functions of cell vacuoles.
Multiple select question.
Synthesis
Segregation of waste
Water balance
Storage
Segregation of waste
Water balance
Storage
The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?
Multiple choice question.
Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material
Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Degradation of macromolecules
Synthesis of lipids
Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material
The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum
covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
Choose all examples of membrane bound organelles that are found in some, but not all prokaryotes.
Multiple select question.
Golgi apparatus
Membrane-bound storage structures
Magnetosome
Nucleus
Membrane-bound storage structures
Magnetosome
Which of the following structures is the repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell?
Multiple choice question.
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Nucleus
The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide
____ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide
____
cellulose, chitin
Each granum of a chloroplast contains a few to several dozen Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
cristae
mitochondria
matrices
thylakoids
thylakoids
Identify two ways that lysosomes can be activated.
Multiple select question.
Fusing with a vesicle that contains protons
Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis
Fusing with a newly produced working organelle
Fusing with an old organelle
Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis
Fusing with an old organelle
What do prokaryotes lack?
Multiple choice question.
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Nucleus
Nucleus
What powers the rotation of the bacterial flagellum and the archaellum?
Multiple choice question.
Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: proton gradient
Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis
Flagellum: ATP hydrolysis; Archaellum: proton gradient
Flagellum: ATP hydrolysis; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis
Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis
Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have abundant SER. Which of these cell do not have abundant smooth ER?
Multiple choice question.
Brain cells
Heart cells
Intestinal cells
Cells in the testes
Heart cells
What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances in peroxisomes?
Multiple choice question.
Cytochrome c oxidase
NADH dehydrogenase
Acid hydrolase
Catalase
Catalase
The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called
cristae
Choose all statements that accurately compare eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
Multiple select question.
Flagella are usually shorter than cilia.
Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows.
Flagella have a 9+2 organization, while cilia have a 10+3 organization.
Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows.
Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the
_____ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.
extracellular
An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and centrioles. Other internal structures may be present. Which type of cell might this be?
Multiple choice question.
Archaeal
Plant
Bacterial
Animal
Animal
Which of the following cells have extensive smooth ER?
Multiple select question.
Immune cells
Intestinal cells
Cells in the testes
Brain cells
Skin cells
Intestinal cells
Cells in the testes
Brain cells
are composed of microtubules, but are typically shorter than flagella and tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell.
cilia
When a lysosome fuses with a food vesicle, its pH Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
becomes alkaline
becomes neutral
becomes acidic
becomes acidic
An unknown cell type contains ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell wall. Which type of cell might this be?
Multiple select question.
Plant
Bacterial
Animal
Plant
Bacterial
Which of the following are the main points of the cell theory?
Multiple select question.
All living organisms are composed of at least 2 cells.
Cells are the smallest living things.
All cells have either mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest living things.
Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the rate of
_____ of substances into and out of cells.
diffusion
Which of the following is found in all cells?
Multiple choice question.
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the
____ region.
nucleoid
The
____ is that part of the cytoplasm that contains organic molecules and ions in solution.
cytosol
The
_____ ______ is a phospholipid bilayer that encloses a cell and separates the cell and its contents from its surroundings.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
What are the two types of life forms?
Multiple select question.
Prokaryotes
Macromolecules
Archaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Bacterial microcompartments are functional analogs of eukaryotic organelles, but differ considerably in their structure. For example, they are bounded by a semipermeable _____ _________
protein shell
Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Peptidoglycan
Phospholipids
Penicillin
Capsules
Peptidoglycan
The
______ _________
of a bacterium helps the organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water.
cell wall
Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin interfere with which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Cellular respiration
Flagella motility
Surface adherence
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Some bacteria produce a jelly-like protective
____
made of polysaccharide, which aids in attachment to surfaces.
capsule
_____ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.
flagella
The long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of bacteria are called Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
cilia
flagella
fimbriae
pili
flagella
Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan?
Multiple choice question.
Protein matrix cross-linked by lipid units
Polypeptide units cross-linked by a carbohydrate matrix
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
Lipid matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
Choose all statements that accurately compare eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
Multiple select question.
Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows.
Flagella are usually shorter than cilia.
Flagella have a 9+2 organization, while cilia have a 10+3 organization.
Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows.
Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells?
Multiple select question.
Bacteria
Animal
Plant
Prokaryotes
Animal
Plant
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside the cell’s nucleus?
Multiple choice question.
Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into functional units called chromosomes
Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called centromeres
Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called
cellulose
The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called
A nucleus
Flagella
A cell wall
Ribosomes
nucleus
Which of the following are synthesized in the nucleolus?
Multiple choice question.
DNA
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNA
The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the
_____ _____
nuclear envelope
Choose all features of nuclear pores.
Multiple select question.
They are complex structures made of many proteins.
They are always open on the nuclear side and connected to a tubule of the endoplasmic reticulum on the cytoplasmic side.
They are made of a single large protein with more than a dozen transmembrane domains.
They have distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear faces.
They are complex structures made of many proteins.
They have distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear faces.
Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of
_____ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides.
peptidoglycan
Which of the following exit the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell by way of the nuclear pores?
Multiple select question.
Cytoskeletal fibers that anchor the nucleus in place
RNA
RNA-protein complexes
DNA
RNA
RNA-protein complexes
In a eukaryotic nucleus, DNA is organized into a complex structure called ___
chromatin
What is assembled in the nucleolus?
Multiple choice question.
Chromatin
Ribosomal subunits
Nuclear pore components
Chromosomes
Ribosomal subunits
How many subunits make up a ribosome?
Multiple choice question.
1
3
2
4
2
In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes can be found free in the
_____ , or associated with internal
______
cytoplasm , membrane
e functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following?
Multiple select question.
Protein synthesis
Steroid synthesis
Protein sorting
Detoxification of foreign substances
Glycoprotein synthesis
Protein synthesis
Protein sorting
Glycoprotein synthesis
Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the
golgi apparatus
In liver cells, enzymes located in the
____ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules. For full credit, you must spell the word.
smooth
Which organelle consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment?
Multiple choice question.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Microbodies are found in which of the following cells?
Multiple select question.
Archaea
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Bacteria
Fungi
Plant
Animal
What happens in a peroxisome?
Multiple select question.
O2 is used to help break down lipids.
Degradative enzymes destroy particles that the cell has ingested.
Proteins are modified before being transported to other locations.
Highly reactive molecules such as hydrogen peroxide are generated.
O2 is used to help break down lipids.
Highly reactive molecules such as hydrogen peroxide are generated.
The largest vacuoles, which can occupy most of the cell volume, are found in which type of cell?
Multiple choice question.
Bacterial
Archaeal
Fungal
Animal
Plant
Plant
The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the
____ and ____
.
Field 1: mitochondria or mitochondrion
Field 2: chloroplasts or chloroplast
What organelle in liver cells contains enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules?
Multiple choice question.
Smooth ER
Vacuoles
Rough ER
Mitochondria
Smooth ER
The production of ATP is performed by which of the following organelles?
Multiple choice question.
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Which of the following organisms would be able to manufacture its own food?
Multiple choice question.
Any organism that has mitochondria
Any organism that has DNA as its genetic material
Any organism that has chloroplasts
Any organism that is eukaryotic
Any organism that has chloroplasts
Most plants have green leaves because their chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigment
chlorophyll
Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called
____ , in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.
endosymbiosis
One of the principal ways animal and plant cells organize their metabolism is by distributing enzymes in which of the following structures?
Multiple choice question.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Microbodies
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Microbodies
The cytoskeleton is made up of long fibers of which type of macromolecule?
Multiple choice question.
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Proteins
The main types of cytoskeletal fibers are
________ , intermediate filaments - and ____
actin, microtubules
In liver cells, enzymes located in the
____ ER detoxify harmful organic molecules
smooth
The thinnest protein fibers (about 7 nm) of the cytoskeleton are
actin
Which of the following cytoskeletal elements are made up of α-and β-tubulin subunits?
Multiple choice question.
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microtubules
Keratin, found in human hair and nails, is composed of which of the following type of cytoskeletal element?
Multiple choice question.
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Within the centrosome of an animal cell, there is a pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other called the
centrioles
Which structure is involved in eukaryotic cell division?
Multiple choice question.
Peroxisomes
Centrosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Keratin filaments
Centrosome
Choose the components needed to move material along a microtubule.
Multiple select question.
A ribosome
A microtubule track
A motor protein
A mitochondrion anchored near the site of transport
A vesicle that is being transported
A connector protein
A microtubule track
A motor protein
A vesicle that is being transported
A connector protein
The interaction of which two proteins allows cells to crawl?
Multiple choice question.
Actin and kinesin
Actin and myosin
Dynein and kinesin
Actin and dynein
Actin and myosin
Eukaryotic flagella are actually outward projections of the cell’s interior. The microtubules in the flagella originate from Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
two disks embedded in the plasma membrane
a basal body
the centrioles
a basal body
The fibrous protein,
_____ found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, is also a major component of cartilage and tendons.
collagen
Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments?
Multiple select question.
Microfilaments
Myosin filaments
Intermediate
Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments?
Multiple select question.
Microfilaments
correct
Myosin filaments
Intermediate
Large vacuoles are characteristic of which types of cells?
Multiple select question.
Fungal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Bacterial cells
Fungal cells
Plant cells
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with
_____. The result is a lipid droplet.
phospholipids
Which is the largest of the internal membranes in a typical eukaryotic cell?
Multiple choice question.
The Golgi apparatus
The vacuolar membrane
The endoplasmic reticulum
The plasma membrane
The endoplasmic reticulum
The digestion of substances taken into the cell and the breakdown of old organelles in the cell are both performed by organelles called
___
lysosomes
The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope
covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope
covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope
The
___are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.
thylakoids
The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide
_____
while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide
_____
cellulose , chitin
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with
_____. The result is a lipid droplet.
phospholipids
Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan?
Multiple choice question.
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
Polypeptide units cross-linked by a carbohydrate matrix
Protein matrix cross-linked by lipid units
Lipid matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
The neutral lipid core of lipid droplets could contain which of the following lipids?
Multiple select question.
Glycolipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols
Triglycerides
Sterols
Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting are characteristic of the
______
endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Choose all examples of membrane bound organelles that are found in some, but not all prokaryotes.
Multiple select question.
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Magnetosome
Membrane-bound storage structures
Magnetosome
Membrane-bound storage structures
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed
___ which houses the DNA.
nucleus
What does the mitochondrial matrix refer to?
Multiple choice question.
The compartment inside of the inner membrane
The space between the inner and outer membranes
The numerous contiguous layers of the inner membrane
The compartment inside of the inner membrane
Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the
_____ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.
extracellular
Which of the following is the most important factor that limits the size of cells?
Multiple choice question.
Amount of mitochondria needed to satisfy the cell’s energy needs
Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
Amount of DNA to code for all the cell’s proteins
Rate of protein synthesis in the cell
Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
