Chapter 10 How Cells Divide Flashcards
The chromosome number in the body cells of most eukaryotic species falls within which range?
Multiple choice question.
10 and 30
10 and 50
1 and 10
1 and 50
10 and 50
The cells of many eukaryotic organisms contain two sets of chromosomes and are said to contain a
___
number of chromosomes.
diploid
A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual’s Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
gametes
chromosomes
genes
alleles
chromosomes
Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Protein
Carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Lipids
Protein
The haploid and diploid number of chromosomes in an organism are usually represented as Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
n for the haploid number, and 2n for the diploid number
2n for the haploid number, and n for the diploid number
x for the haploid number, and 2x for the diploid number
2x for the haploid number, and x for the diploid number
n for the haploid number, and n+n for the diploid number
n for the haploid number, and 2n for the diploid number
Identify the diploid number of chromosomes in humans.
Multiple choice question.
46
23
92
69
46
In a diploid eukaryotic cell, a pair of chromosomes, one maternal and the other paternal, are known as being
____chromosomes. Each chromosome in a pair is termed a(n)
____
Field 1: homologous
Field 2: homologue
A visual representation of the number, size, and shape of chromosomes is called a Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
DNA fingerprint
PCR
genotype
karyotype
karyotype
In a eukaryotic cell, each nucleosome core is separated from the next one by a variable length of DNA of 20-80 bp called
___
DNA.
linker
Recent studies have determined that chromatin is organized into territories which contain individual chromosomes. Within these territories, certain genomic regions interact to form topologically
___
____
, or TADs.
associated domains
Histone proteins have a positive charge due to an abundance of which of the following amino acids?
Multiple select question.
Glycine
Glutamic acid
Lysine
Arginine
Lysine
Arginine
What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?
Multiple choice question.
69
92
23
46
23
A nondividing nucleus typically contains active and inactive domains of chromatin. The active domains are referred to as
____
, while the inactive ones are called
____
.
Field 1: euchromatin
Field 2: heterochromatin
In a homologous pair of chromosomes, what is the origin of each chromosome?
Multiple choice question.
They are either both paternal, or both maternal (depends on the particular pair).
One is original and one is a copy produced during replication.
One is paternal and one is maternal.
One is paternal and one is maternal.
In eukaryotic chromatin, topologically associated domains (TADs) are composed of loops of DNA that are anchored by two proteins: the CTCF and the
____
complex of proteins.
cohesin
After DNA replication each condensed chromosome is made of two identical halves called
_____ _______
.
sister
chromatids
Nucleosomes are composed of
____ and ___ proteins
DNA and histone proteins
Condensin and cohesin are SMC proteins that Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
increase the coiling of DNA around nucleosomes
unravel DNA from nucleosomes
remove loops from DNA
can induce DNA to form loops
can induce DNA to form loops
When DNA replicates, the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins?
Multiple choice question.
Condensin
Adhesins
Cohesins
DNA polymerases
Cohesins
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell ____
, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.
cycle
In a cell’s life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?
Multiple choice question.
M
S
G0
G1
G1
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
Multiple choice question.
G2
phase
S phase
M phase
G1
phase
S phase
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the name of the phase that occurs after the replication of DNA and before the start of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Metaphase
G2
Interphase
G1
Cytokinesis
G2
Question Mode
Multiple Choice Question
In which phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide to produce two distinct daughter cells?
Multiple choice question.
G2
Interphase
Cytokinesis
Metaphase
Cytokinesis
In the cell cycle, the M phase consists of
____
(division of the nucleus) and
_____ (the cell divides into two daughter cells).
mitosis
cytokinesis
In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Metaphase
Prophase
Interphase
Anaphase
Interphase
Typically, a dividing mammalian cell completes its cell cycle in about how many hours?
Multiple choice question.
100 hours
2 hours
8 hours
72 hours
24 hours
24 hours
At any given time, most of the cells in an animal’s body are in a resting phase called the
___
phase.
G0
Animal embryonic cells complete the cell cycle in less than
___
minutes. The shortest cell cycle is found in embryonic cells of the fruit flies:
___
minutes.
20 , 8
In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle?
Multiple choice question.
S
G1
G0
G2
G2
Which is the first stage of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prometaphase
Prophase
Prophase
Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the
_____ phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.
G2
Which structures, typical of animal cells, are replicated during the G2
phase?
Multiple choice question.
Kinetochores
Centrioles
Centromeres
Sister chromatids
Centrioles
Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Condensation of chromosomes continues throughout which phase of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Prophase
During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle?
Multiple choice question.
Kinetochore
Centriole
Centromere
Kinetochore
By the end of the G2
phase in an animal cell, sister chromatids are still connected by cohesins which are only present at the ___
centromere
Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Animal
Plant
All eukaryotic cells
Bacterial
Animal
During the formation of the spindle apparatus which of the following must break down?
Multiple choice question.
Plasma membrane
Nuclear membrane
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nuclear membrane
How do chromosomes move to the equator of the cell during prometaphase?
Multiple choice question.
Because the nucleus of the cell is typically positioned in the equator of the cell prior to mitosis, the chromosomes are released at that location when the nuclear envelope breaks down.
They slowly diffuse towards the equator which is devoid of organelles.
They are pulled simultaneously toward the two poles of the cell because each kinetochore in a pair of sister chromatids is connected to the opposite pole.
They are pulled simultaneously toward the two poles of the cell because each kinetochore in a pair of sister chromatids is connected to the opposite pole.
During
____ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.
metaphase
The metaphase plate is Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles
parallel to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles
parallel to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the pole
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles
Two centriole pairs establish a bridge of microtubules which form the
____ ____
during prophase.
spindle apparatus
Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
The shortest stage of mitosis is ___
anaphase
During
___
of mitosis, the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to move away from each other.
anaphase
During metaphase, the microtubules attached to the centromere region of the condensed chromosomes are which of the following types of microtubules?
Multiple choice question.
Kinetochore
Polar
Aster
Centromere
Kinetochore
During anaphase Blank______, sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles as their kinetochore microtubules, which are attached to the poles, are shortened.
Multiple choice question.
B
A
A
The key event in anaphase is the removal of Blank______ proteins from the centromeres of sister chromatids.
Multiple choice question.
condensin
cohesin
SMC
histone
cohesin
When is the spindle apparatus broken down?
Multiple choice question.
Anaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Telophase
During telophase, a Blank______ forms around each set of sister chromatids.
Multiple choice question.
centromere
nuclear envelope
kinetochore
nuclear envelope
During the stage of mitosis known as
___ chromosomes uncoil into extended forms that will permit gene expression.
telophase
The cleavage furrow of animal cells is formed with the help of a constricting belt made of the protein
___
.
actin
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of a
____
furrow around the cell.
cleavage
During cytokinesis in plants, what coats the newly formed cell plate?
Multiple choice question.
Lipids
Chitin
Cellulose
Proteins
Cellulose
If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
cyclins
checkpoints
phases
CDKs
checkpoints
During cytokinesis in plants, the newly formed cell plate is coated with
___
to create two new cell walls. At this point the space between the two daughter cells is called the middle
___
.
Field 1: cellulose
Field 2: lamella
Which of the following checkpoints is the primary checkpoint at which external signals can influence the cell cycle?
Multiple choice question.
Spindle checkpoint
G1/S checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
Cytokinesis
G1/S checkpoint
The two main classes of cancer causing genes are
___ and tumor-suppressor genes.
oncogenes
oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated.
ye
Nucleosomes are composed of
____ and
____
proteins.
DNA and Histone
In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle?
Multiple choice question.
G0
G2
S
G1
G2
During Blank______, microtubules slide past each other pulling the poles anchored to them, and the chromosomes attached to the poles, away from the center of the cell.
Multiple choice question.
metaphase B
anaphase B
anaphase A
metaphase A
anaphase B
What usually occurs during the G1 phase?
Multiple choice question.
Cells are replicating DNA
Cells are dividing
What usually occurs during the G1 phase?
Multiple choice question.
Cells are replicating DNA
Cells are dividing
Cells are growing
What usually occurs during the G1 phase?
Multiple choice question.
Cells are replicating DNA
Cells are dividing
Cells are growing
Recharge Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
During the G2
phase of the cell cycle in the cell of a multicellular animal, the cohesins along the arms of two sister chromatids are replaced by _____
condensins
If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
CDKs
phases
cyclins
checkpoints
checkpoints
Recharge Question Mode
Multiple Choice Question
What type of genes were discovered in viruses and can cause a malignant transformation when introduced into a cell?
Multiple choice question.
Tumor-initiator genes
Tumor-supressor genes
Oncogenes
Oncogenes
Recharge Answer Mode
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
Proto-oncogenes are Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
normal cellular genes that have been acquired by a cancer-causing virus
normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated
essential viral genes that become oncogenic when mutated
normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated
One role of the p53 protein is to regulate cell division when damaged Blank______ is detected.
Multiple choice question.
cell membranes
DNA
protein
RNA
DNA
Recharge Answer Mode
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
What is the normal role of the Rb gene in cells?
Multiple choice question.
It’s a pocket protein that binds other proteins and prevents them from stimulating the cell to divide.
It is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates several Cdks, therefore halting the cell cycle.
It’s a cyclin that can bind several Cdks during the initial stages of cell division.
It’s a pocket protein that binds other proteins and prevents them from stimulating the cell to divide.
In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle?
Multiple choice question.
S
G2
G0
G1
G2
Recharge Answer Mode
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
What is “assessed” by the cell during the spindle checkpoint?
Multiple choice question.
That all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle
That the spindle has the correct number of microtubules
That all chromosomes are condensed prior to attaching to the spindle
That all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle
Recharge Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
The part of the cell cycle that is subdivided into five phases, during which the spindle apparatus assembles, binds to chromosomes, and moves sister chromatids apart, is
_____
.
mitosis
After completing mitosis, cells divide into two daughter cells. This phase of the cell cycle is called Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
cytokinesis
G3
telophase
cleavage
cytokinesis
Fill in the blank question.
The p53 gene plays a key role in the G1/S checkpoint and its loss of function can result in
____
.
cancer
What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?
Multiple choice question.
69
92
46
23
23
Recharge Answer Mode
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
In a homologous pair of chromosomes, what is the origin of each chromosome?
Multiple choice question.
One is paternal and one is maternal.
One is original and one is a copy produced during replication.
They are either both paternal, or both maternal (depends on the particular pair).
Correct Answer
One is paternal and one is maternal.
The structural maintenance of chromosome proteins condensin and cohesin interact with DNA and seem to be able to induce it to form
____
loops
Which structures, typical of animal cells, are replicated during the G2
phase?
Multiple choice question.
Centromeres
Centrioles
Sister chromatids
Kinetochores
Centrioles
Recharge Answer Mode
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Animal
All eukaryotic cells
Plant
Bacterial
Animal
During cell division, the two complete daughter cells are produced after the cell undergoes which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Telophase
Anaphase
Cytokinesis
Metaphase
Anaphase
What type of cancer causing gene normally acts as a “brake” on the cell cycle, but loses this function when mutated?
Multiple choice question.
A cyclin gene
A tumor-suppressor gene
An oncogene
A proto-oncogene
A tumor-suppressor gene
Recharge Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
The cells of many eukaryotic organisms contain two sets of chromosomes and are said to contain a
_____ number of chromosomes.
diploid
A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual’s Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
gametes
genes
chromosomes
alleles
chromosomes
Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Protein
Lipids
Glycolipids
Carbohydrates
Protein
Recharge Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
A nondividing nucleus typically contains active and inactive domains of chromatin. The active domains are referred to as
_____ while the inactive ones are called
___
euchromatin and heterochromatin
After DNA replication each condensed chromosome is made of two identical halves called ____ ______
sister chromatids
Recharge Answer Mode
Fill in the Blank QuestionYour Answer incorrect
Fill in the blank question.
In order to cause cancer, both alleles of a
tumor
______ - _______ gene must lose function (usually through mutation).
tumor suppressor
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
Multiple choice question.
G1
phase
G2
phase
M phase
S phase
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
Multiple choice question.
G1
phase
G2
phase
incorrect
M phase
S phase
In an actively dividing eukaryotic cell, the G1, S, and G2 phases collectively constitute the
____
interphase
In which phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide to produce two distinct daughter cells?
Multiple choice question.
G2
Metaphase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Cytokinesis
Which of the following phases in the cell cycle is considered a resting phase?
Multiple choice question.
G2
G1
G0
G0
While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage?
Multiple choice question.
Anaphase
Interphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Interphase
Which is the first stage of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Prometaphase
Prophase
Recharge Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the
____
phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.
G2
Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Lysosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle?
Multiple choice question.
Centromere
Kinetochore
Centriole
Kinetochore
While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage?
Multiple choice question.
Telophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Interphase
Interphase
The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which phase of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Prometaphase
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Metaphase
Metaphase
The metaphase plate is Blank______.
Multiple choice question.
parallel to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles
parallel to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles
perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles
Which of the following is the shortest stage of mitosis?
Multiple choice question.
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Anaphase
At the beginning of which phase do the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to separate from each other?
Multiple choice question.
Telophase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Anaphase
When is the spindle apparatus broken down?
Multiple choice question.
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Telophase
