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HONORS ANATOMY > Chapter Four and Five PPT > Flashcards

Chapter Four and Five PPT Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions

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2
Q

Name the four types of tissue.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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3
Q

What does Epithelial tissue…

a) cover?
b) line?
c) form?

A

a) exposed surfaces
b) internal passageways
c) glands

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4
Q

What does Connective tissue…

a) fill?
b) support?
c) transport?
d) store?

A

a) internal spaces
b) other tissues
c) materials
d) energy

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5
Q

What is the specialty of muscle tissue? Give examples of muscle tissue.

A
  • Specialized for contraction

- skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and hollow organ walls

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6
Q

What is neural tissue’s purpose?

A

Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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7
Q

What are epithelia?

A

layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

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8
Q

What are glands?

A

structures that produce secretions

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9
Q

Name the characteristics of Epithelia.

A

1) Cellularity (cell junctions)
2) Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
3) Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
4) Avascularity
5) Regeneration

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10
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial tissue?

A
  • Provide physical protection
  • Control permeability
  • Provide sensation
  • Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
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11
Q

Name the three specializations of Epithelial Cells?

A
  1. Move fluids over epithelium
  2. Move fluids through epithelium
  3. Produce secretions
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12
Q

Talk about the apical surface.

A
  • Microvilli increase absorption or secretion

- Cilia move fluid

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13
Q

What is polar about epithelial tissues?

A

Apical and Basolateral surfaces

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14
Q

What maintains the integrity of epithelia?

A
  • Intercellular connections
  • Attachment to the basement membrane
  • Epithelial maintenances and repair
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15
Q

Describe the support and communication of intercellular connections.

A
  • CAMs (transmembrane proteins)
  • Intracellular cement (proteoglycans)
  • Hyaluronan (glucosaminoglycans)
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16
Q

What are cell junctions and what are the three types?

A
  • form bonds with other cells or extracellular material

- Tight, Gap, Desmosomes

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17
Q

Discuss tight junctions.

A
  • between two plasma membranes
  • adhesion belt attaches to terminal web
  • prevents passage of water and solutes
  • isolates wastes in the lumen
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18
Q

Discuss gap junctions.

A
  • allow rapid communication
  • held together by channel proteins
  • allow ions to pass
  • coordinate contractions in heart muscle
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19
Q

Discuss Desmosomes.

A
  • CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement
    - Spot Desmosomes (tie cells together and allow bending and twisting)
    - Hemidesmosomes (attach cells to the basement membrane)
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20
Q

Name the two layers attached to the basement membrane

A
  • Clear

- Dense

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21
Q

Describe the clear layer (lamina lucida)

A
  • thin layer
  • secreted by epithelia
  • barrier to proteins
22
Q

Describe the dense layer (lamina densa)

A
  • thick fibers
  • produced by connective tissues
  • strength and filtration
23
Q

Discuss epithelial maintenance and repair.

A
  • replaced by division of germination (stem) cells near basement membrane
24
Q

Is epithelium singular or plural?

A

Singular

25
Q

Is Epithelia singular or plural?

A

Plural

26
Q

Name the three classes of epithelia based on shape and describe their shapes.

A
  • Squamous epithelia (thin and flat, “squished”
  • Cuboidal epithelia (square shaped)
  • Columnar epithelia (tall, slender rectangles)
27
Q

Name the two classes of epithelia spaced on layers.

A
  • Simple (single layer)

- Stratified (several layers of cells)

28
Q

The top layer of skin is _______ _______ epithelium.

A

stratified squamous

29
Q

Which protein adds strength and water resistance to the top layer of skin?

A

Keratin

30
Q

What lines body cavities?

A

Mesothelium

31
Q

What lines the heart and blood vessels?

A

Endothelium

32
Q

What absorbs and diffuses?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

The simple cuboidal epithelium and simple columnar epithelium do what?

A

Absorb and secrete

34
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia are found in…

A

sweat ducts and mammary ducts

35
Q

Where are transitional epithelia located?

A

regions or the urinary system

36
Q

Match the following:

  1. Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
  2. Stratified columnar epithelium

a) protection
b) cilia movement

A
  1. B

2. A

37
Q

What do endocrine glands lack?

A

ducts

38
Q

What do exocrine glands produce?

A

secretions

39
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

release hormones

40
Q

Name the three modes of glandular epithelia secretion.

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

41
Q

Merocrine secretion:

  • Produced in _____
  • Released by _____
  • Example : _____
A
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • vesicles (exocytosis)
  • sweat glands
42
Q

Apocrine secretion:

  • Produced in _____
  • Released by _____
  • Example: _____
A
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • shedding cytoplasm
  • mammary glands
43
Q

Holocrine secretion:

  • Released by _____
  • Gland cells replaced by _____
  • Example: _____
A
  • cells bursting, killing gland cells
  • stem cells
  • sebaceous glands
44
Q

Name the three types of secretions.

A

Serous glands (watery secretions), Mucous glands (secrete mucous), mixed exocrine glands (both serous and mucous)

45
Q

Unicellular glands have how many cells?

A

one

46
Q

What cells are the only unicellular exocrine gland?

A

Mucous

47
Q

Give an example of mucous cells

A

intestinal lining

48
Q

Give the classifications of multicellular glands by structure of the duct.

A

simple (undivided), compound (divided)

49
Q

Give the classifications of multicellular glands based on shape of secretory portion of the gland.

A

tubular (tube shaped), alveolar or acinar (blind pockets)

50
Q

A branched multicellular gland has what?

A

several secretory areas sharing one duct

51
Q

Name the two components of the Cutaneous Membrane.

A

outer epidermis and inner epidermis

HONORS ANATOMY (14 decks)

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