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HONORS ANATOMY > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as the smallest stable unit of matter?

A

Atom

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2
Q

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neurons are called ______.

A

Isotopes

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3
Q

A ______ is defined as the bond which holds participating atoms together once the reaction has ended.

  a) Chemical Notation
  b) Chemical Bond
  c) Hydrogen Bond
  d) Activation Energy
A

b) Chemical Bond

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4
Q

Identify three types of chemical bonds.

A

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen

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5
Q

The chemical shorthand used to describe chemical compounds and reactions effectively is known as ______?

A

Chemical Notation

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6
Q

Identify the three types of chemical reactions important to human physiology.

A

Decomposition, Synthesis, and Exchange

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7
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: The reaction breaks a molecule into smaller fragments.

A

Decomposition

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8
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: Smaller molecules are assembled into larger molecules; the opposite of decomposition.

A

Synthesis

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9
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.

A

Exchange

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10
Q

Which of these is an example of decomposition?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

a) AB -> A + B

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11
Q

Which of these is an example of synthesis?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

c) A + B -> AB

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12
Q

Which of these is an example of an exchange reaction?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

b) AB + CD -> AD + CD

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: A(n) ______ is a biological catalyst that promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements.

a) catalyst
b) electron
c) anion
d) enzyme

A

d) enzyme

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14
Q

True or False: Organic compounds have a basis of carbon and hydrogen.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Something with a pH level of 6 is basic.

A

False; acidic.

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16
Q

A(n) ______ is an iconic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion, and an anion minus hydroxide.

  a) neutron
  b) acid
  c) salt
  d) base
A

c) salt

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17
Q

Any solute that disassociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions is a(n) ______.

A

acid

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18
Q

A(n) ______ is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and therefore acts as a proton acceptor.

  a) neutron
  b) acid
  c) salt
  d) base
A

d) base

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19
Q

The three subatomic particles are:

   a) Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
   b) Protos, Neutros, Electros
   c) Decomposition, Synthesis, Exchange
   d) Acid, Base, Salt
A

a) Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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20
Q

How much do protons weigh approximately?

A

1 Dalton

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21
Q

Protons have a ______ charge.

A

positive

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22
Q

Neutrons have a ______ charge.

  a) positive
  b) basic
  c) neutral (no charge)
  d) negative
A

c) neutral (no charge)

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23
Q

Electrons have a ______ charge and weigh ______.

  a) negative; 1/1836th Dalton
  b) positive; 1 Dalton
  c) neutral; 1/1836th Dalton
  d) negative; 1 Dalton
A

a) negative; 1/1836th Dalton

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24
Q

True of False: Protons and neutrons are found in the cell membrane.

A

False; They are found in the nucleus.

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25
Q

Where do electrons occupy?

A

Electrons occupy the electron cloud.

26
Q

Proton number equals …

  a) Atomic number
  b) Atomic mass
  c) Isotope number
  d) Electron cloud occupation number
A

a) Atomic number

27
Q

Atomic mass is equal to what?

A

The number of protons and neutrons

28
Q

The ______ determines the reactivity of the element.

A

outermost electron shell

29
Q

A chemical subtance composed of atoms of two or more elements is known as…?

A

A compound

30
Q

True or False: An ionic attraction is between positive cations and negative anions.

A

True

31
Q

True or False: Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.

A

True

32
Q

All chemical reactions in the body constitute ______.

  a) bonds
  b) metabolism
  c) energy
  d) homeostasis
A

b) metabolism

33
Q

Metabolism provides for the ______, ______, and ______ of energy.

A

capture, storage, release

34
Q

Define work.

A

movement of an object or change in its physical structure

35
Q

Energy is defined as…

A

the capacity to perform work

36
Q

True or False: Energy of motion is kinetic energy.

A

True

37
Q

True or False: Potential energy is energy of motion.

A

False; potential energy is stored energy resulting from position or structure.

38
Q

True or False: 90% of reactions are therorhetically reversible.

A

False; ALL reactions are theoretically reversible.

39
Q

True or False: At the equilibrium, the rates of two opposing reactions are in balance; anabolism = catabolism.

A

True

40
Q

Define activation energy.

A

Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction.

41
Q

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds?

A

Hydrophilic compounds interact readily with water; hydrophobic compounds do not interact with water.

42
Q

______ acids and ______ bases ionize completely. (Hint: same word)

A

Strong

43
Q

______ remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution.

A

Buffers

44
Q

List the four major classes of organic compounds.

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

45
Q

Which of the four major classes of organic compounds is described below:

- Important energy source for metabolism
- Monosaccharides, disacchrides, polysaccharides
A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

Which of the four major classes of organic compounds is described below:
- Five classes: fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycolipids

A

Lipids

47
Q

Three fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis to one molecule of glycerol are ______.

A

Triglycerides

48
Q

______ are involved in cell membrane structure.

A

Steroids

49
Q

Name the six important types of proteins.

A

Structural proteins, contractile proteins, transport proteins, enzymes, buffering proteins, antibodies

50
Q

Proteins are chains of _______; these ______ contain an _______, a _______, and a _______. (Hint: first two blanks are the same word)

A

Amino acids; amino group. carboxylic group, radical group

51
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

a linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

52
Q

The four levels of protein structure:

   a) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary
   b) Phi, Delta, Pheta, Nu
   c) First, Second, Third, Fouth
   d) A-structure, B-structure, C-structure, D-structure
A

a) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary

53
Q

______ interact to yield a product by binding to the active site of the enzyme.

    a) Molecules (substrate)
    b) Compounds (substrate)
    c) Bonds (substrate)
    d) Reactants (substrate)
A

d) Reactants (substrate)

54
Q

True or False: Coenzymes must bond to the enzyme before substrate binding can occur.

A

False; cofactors

55
Q

_______ are organic cofactors commonly derived from vitamins.

A

Coenzymes

56
Q

Proteins pushed outside their optimal ______ and ______ range become temporarily or permanently denatured and will cease to function.

  a) temperature; pH
  b) acid; base
  c) primary; secondary
  d) cofactor; coenzyme
A

a) temperature; pH

57
Q

Nucleic acids store and process information at the ______ level.

A

molecular

58
Q

______ are made of purines and pyrimidines.

  a) Carbohydrates
  b) Lipids
  c) Nucleic acids
  d) Proteins
A

c) Nucleic acids

59
Q

Name the four DNA bases:

A

ademine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

60
Q

The bases of DNA and RNA differ because… (poorly phrased; what base is different between RNA and DNA?)

A

DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

61
Q

ATP stands for…

  a) All Time Panic
  b) Adenosine triphosphate
  c) Acid Tri-Phosphorus
  d) alterior true phosphorylation
A

b) Adenosine triphosphate

62
Q

What does metabolic turnover allow cells to do? (Hint: 2 things)

A

To change and to adapt to changes in their environment

HONORS ANATOMY (14 decks)

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