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HONORS ANATOMY > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as the smallest stable unit of matter?

A

Atom

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2
Q

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neurons are called ______.

A

Isotopes

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3
Q

A ______ is defined as the bond which holds participating atoms together once the reaction has ended.

  a) Chemical Notation
  b) Chemical Bond
  c) Hydrogen Bond
  d) Activation Energy
A

b) Chemical Bond

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4
Q

Identify three types of chemical bonds.

A

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen

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5
Q

The chemical shorthand used to describe chemical compounds and reactions effectively is known as ______?

A

Chemical Notation

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6
Q

Identify the three types of chemical reactions important to human physiology.

A

Decomposition, Synthesis, and Exchange

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7
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: The reaction breaks a molecule into smaller fragments.

A

Decomposition

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8
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: Smaller molecules are assembled into larger molecules; the opposite of decomposition.

A

Synthesis

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9
Q

Which chemical reaction is described in the following: Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.

A

Exchange

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10
Q

Which of these is an example of decomposition?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

a) AB -> A + B

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11
Q

Which of these is an example of synthesis?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

c) A + B -> AB

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12
Q

Which of these is an example of an exchange reaction?

  a) AB -> A + B
  b) AB + CD -> AD + CB
  c) A + B -> AB
A

b) AB + CD -> AD + CD

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: A(n) ______ is a biological catalyst that promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements.

a) catalyst
b) electron
c) anion
d) enzyme

A

d) enzyme

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14
Q

True or False: Organic compounds have a basis of carbon and hydrogen.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Something with a pH level of 6 is basic.

A

False; acidic.

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16
Q

A(n) ______ is an iconic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion, and an anion minus hydroxide.

  a) neutron
  b) acid
  c) salt
  d) base
A

c) salt

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17
Q

Any solute that disassociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions is a(n) ______.

A

acid

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18
Q

A(n) ______ is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and therefore acts as a proton acceptor.

  a) neutron
  b) acid
  c) salt
  d) base
A

d) base

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19
Q

The three subatomic particles are:

   a) Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
   b) Protos, Neutros, Electros
   c) Decomposition, Synthesis, Exchange
   d) Acid, Base, Salt
A

a) Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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20
Q

How much do protons weigh approximately?

A

1 Dalton

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21
Q

Protons have a ______ charge.

A

positive

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22
Q

Neutrons have a ______ charge.

  a) positive
  b) basic
  c) neutral (no charge)
  d) negative
A

c) neutral (no charge)

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23
Q

Electrons have a ______ charge and weigh ______.

  a) negative; 1/1836th Dalton
  b) positive; 1 Dalton
  c) neutral; 1/1836th Dalton
  d) negative; 1 Dalton
A

a) negative; 1/1836th Dalton

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24
Q

True of False: Protons and neutrons are found in the cell membrane.

A

False; They are found in the nucleus.

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25
Where do electrons occupy?
Electrons occupy the electron cloud.
26
Proton number equals ... a) Atomic number b) Atomic mass c) Isotope number d) Electron cloud occupation number
a) Atomic number
27
Atomic mass is equal to what?
The number of protons and neutrons
28
The ______ determines the reactivity of the element.
outermost electron shell
29
A chemical subtance composed of atoms of two or more elements is known as...?
A compound
30
True or False: An ionic attraction is between positive cations and negative anions.
True
31
True or False: Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.
True
32
All chemical reactions in the body constitute ______. a) bonds b) metabolism c) energy d) homeostasis
b) metabolism
33
Metabolism provides for the ______, ______, and ______ of energy.
capture, storage, release
34
Define work.
movement of an object or change in its physical structure
35
Energy is defined as...
the capacity to perform work
36
True or False: Energy of motion is kinetic energy.
True
37
True or False: Potential energy is energy of motion.
False; potential energy is stored energy resulting from position or structure.
38
True or False: 90% of reactions are therorhetically reversible.
False; ALL reactions are theoretically reversible.
39
True or False: At the equilibrium, the rates of two opposing reactions are in balance; anabolism = catabolism.
True
40
Define activation energy.
Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction.
41
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds?
Hydrophilic compounds interact readily with water; hydrophobic compounds do not interact with water.
42
______ acids and ______ bases ionize completely. (Hint: same word)
Strong
43
______ remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution.
Buffers
44
List the four major classes of organic compounds.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
45
Which of the four major classes of organic compounds is described below: - Important energy source for metabolism - Monosaccharides, disacchrides, polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
46
Which of the four major classes of organic compounds is described below: - Five classes: fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycolipids
Lipids
47
Three fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis to one molecule of glycerol are ______.
Triglycerides
48
______ are involved in cell membrane structure.
Steroids
49
Name the six important types of proteins.
Structural proteins, contractile proteins, transport proteins, enzymes, buffering proteins, antibodies
50
Proteins are chains of _______; these ______ contain an _______, a _______, and a _______. (Hint: first two blanks are the same word)
Amino acids; amino group. carboxylic group, radical group
51
What is a polypeptide?
a linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
52
The four levels of protein structure: a) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary b) Phi, Delta, Pheta, Nu c) First, Second, Third, Fouth d) A-structure, B-structure, C-structure, D-structure
a) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary
53
______ interact to yield a product by binding to the active site of the enzyme. a) Molecules (substrate) b) Compounds (substrate) c) Bonds (substrate) d) Reactants (substrate)
d) Reactants (substrate)
54
True or False: Coenzymes must bond to the enzyme before substrate binding can occur.
False; cofactors
55
_______ are organic cofactors commonly derived from vitamins.
Coenzymes
56
Proteins pushed outside their optimal ______ and ______ range become temporarily or permanently denatured and will cease to function. a) temperature; pH b) acid; base c) primary; secondary d) cofactor; coenzyme
a) temperature; pH
57
Nucleic acids store and process information at the ______ level.
molecular
58
______ are made of purines and pyrimidines. a) Carbohydrates b) Lipids c) Nucleic acids d) Proteins
c) Nucleic acids
59
Name the four DNA bases:
ademine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
60
The bases of DNA and RNA differ because... (poorly phrased; what base is different between RNA and DNA?)
DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
61
ATP stands for... a) All Time Panic b) Adenosine triphosphate c) Acid Tri-Phosphorus d) alterior true phosphorylation
b) Adenosine triphosphate
62
What does metabolic turnover allow cells to do? (Hint: 2 things)
To change and to adapt to changes in their environment

HONORS ANATOMY (14 decks)

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