Chapter Four Flashcards
A one-tailed hypotheses is also known as a directional hypothesis. Which of the below is an example of a directional hypothesis
In children between the ages of six and ten years, it is hypothesised that as the amount of hours spent playing with peers increases,:9 their vocabulary will increase.
As a solution to his criticisms of null hypothesis, Loftus (1991;1996) suggested that researchers should make it their practice to report confidence intervals alongside their statistical tests. True or false?
True
The null hypothesis is:
The assumption there is no relationship or difference between the variables you are testing
Even if there is no real relationship between variables in the population it is highly likely that you will find a relationship between variables in your randomly selected sample. True or false?
False
How can p
All of the above.
Hypothesis: higher levels of depression are related to higher levels of anxiety. What is the null hypothesis
There is no relationship between depression and anixiety. Any observed relationship is the result of chance.
Hypothesis: individuals who listen to music whilst revising will achieve significantly higher exam grades than will individuals who do their revision in silence. What is the null h?
There will be no difference in exam grade between those individuals who revise whilst listening to music and those individuals who revise in silence. Any observed differences are due to chance alone.
If you decided to make the critical p value for significance 0.001 as opposed to the conventional level of 0.05, what would the consequences be?
All of the above
Loftus criticises hypothesis testing. What was his criticisms?
Loftus criticisms was that the null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship. The actual chance of no relationship at all being found is very usual even in biological sciences. To base probability judgements on this hypothesis is misleading.
What are the dependent and independent variables in the hypothesis on exam grades and justice
The independent variable is revision condition and the dependent variable is exam grade
Match the assumptions for parametric testing with the method you would use to check for the violation of assumption.
Homogeneity if variances: standard devs
Normally distributed data: histograms
Absence of extreme scores or outliers: boxplots and frequencies
One of the problems we face when conducting research is that when we select samples from populations, we might not get a sample that accurately reflects that population.
True
Sometimes due to ____ we are likely to get patterns of scores in our samples that do not accurately reflect the underlying population.
Sampling error
The p value is sometimes misinterpreted. It represents the probability of a relationship occurring by chance if the null hypothesis is true. Therefore it assumes that the null is true. True or false?
True
The second criticisms Loftus raised was that psychologists don’t give enough consideration to the ____ when reporting their results
Population means
Which statistical test would you choose for each of the following hypothesis
There will be a difference in attitude towards good dietary practice in individuals whose hobby is athletics as compared to individuals whose hobby is model air craft assembly = independent t test
There is a strong relationship between number of car accidents and measure of anixiety. Data is not normally distributed = pearsons product moment correlation.
There will be a difference in scores on a measure of depression before and after taking part in a statistics lecture = a related t test
The number of days annual level a person has is related to their measure of job satifaction. This will generate a regression equation = linear regression
What does the p value generally tell us?
The p value tells us the likelihood of or obtaining the pattern of results due to sampling error if there is not a relationship between our variables in the population.
What is a type one error
A type one error is where we reject the null hypothesis when it is true
What is the nature of the relationship between the statistical significance and sample size
A larger sample size is more likely to yield a significant result even when the effect is small
Which of the following would you include in your report to ensure the p value is not misleading
A good report would include all three of the above - effect size, sample size and exact p value
Which of the statements below defines a type two error
All of the above
