Chapter Four

Question 1

A one-tailed hypotheses is also known as a directional hypothesis. Which of the below is an example of a directional hypothesis

Answer 1

In children between the ages of six and ten years, it is hypothesised that as the amount of hours spent playing with peers increases,:9 their vocabulary will increase.

Question 2

As a solution to his criticisms of null hypothesis, Loftus (1991;1996) suggested that researchers should make it their practice to report confidence intervals alongside their statistical tests. True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The null hypothesis is:

Answer 3

The assumption there is no relationship or difference between the variables you are testing

Question 4

Even if there is no real relationship between variables in the population it is highly likely that you will find a relationship between variables in your randomly selected sample. True or false?

Answer 4

False

Question 5

How can p

Answer 5

All of the above.

Question 6

Hypothesis: higher levels of depression are related to higher levels of anxiety. What is the null hypothesis

Answer 6

There is no relationship between depression and anixiety. Any observed relationship is the result of chance.

Question 7

Hypothesis: individuals who listen to music whilst revising will achieve significantly higher exam grades than will individuals who do their revision in silence. What is the null h?

Answer 7

There will be no difference in exam grade between those individuals who revise whilst listening to music and those individuals who revise in silence. Any observed differences are due to chance alone.

Question 8

If you decided to make the critical p value for significance 0.001 as opposed to the conventional level of 0.05, what would the consequences be?

Answer 8

All of the above

Question 9

Loftus criticises hypothesis testing. What was his criticisms?

Answer 9

Loftus criticisms was that the null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship. The actual chance of no relationship at all being found is very usual even in biological sciences. To base probability judgements on this hypothesis is misleading.

Question 10

What are the dependent and independent variables in the hypothesis on exam grades and justice

Answer 10

The independent variable is revision condition and the dependent variable is exam grade

Question 11

Match the assumptions for parametric testing with the method you would use to check for the violation of assumption.

Answer 11

Homogeneity if variances: standard devs

Normally distributed data: histograms

Absence of extreme scores or outliers: boxplots and frequencies

Question 12

One of the problems we face when conducting research is that when we select samples from populations, we might not get a sample that accurately reflects that population.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Sometimes due to ____ we are likely to get patterns of scores in our samples that do not accurately reflect the underlying population.

Answer 13

Sampling error

Question 14

The p value is sometimes misinterpreted. It represents the probability of a relationship occurring by chance if the null hypothesis is true. Therefore it assumes that the null is true. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

The second criticisms Loftus raised was that psychologists don’t give enough consideration to the ____ when reporting their results

Answer 15

Population means

Question 16

Which statistical test would you choose for each of the following hypothesis

Answer 16

There will be a difference in attitude towards good dietary practice in individuals whose hobby is athletics as compared to individuals whose hobby is model air craft assembly = independent t test

There is a strong relationship between number of car accidents and measure of anixiety. Data is not normally distributed = pearsons product moment correlation.

There will be a difference in scores on a measure of depression before and after taking part in a statistics lecture = a related t test

The number of days annual level a person has is related to their measure of job satifaction. This will generate a regression equation = linear regression

Question 17

What does the p value generally tell us?

Answer 17

The p value tells us the likelihood of or obtaining the pattern of results due to sampling error if there is not a relationship between our variables in the population.

Question 18

What is a type one error

Answer 18

A type one error is where we reject the null hypothesis when it is true

Question 19

What is the nature of the relationship between the statistical significance and sample size

Answer 19

A larger sample size is more likely to yield a significant result even when the effect is small

Question 20

Which of the following would you include in your report to ensure the p value is not misleading

Answer 20

A good report would include all three of the above - effect size, sample size and exact p value

Question 21

Which of the statements below defines a type two error

Answer 21

All of the above