Chapter Five

Question 1

What are the five segments of this chapter?

Answer 1

What is logic
The two branches of logic
Truth and validity
The anatomy of an argument
Logical fallacies

Question 2

What is the definition of logic?

Answer 2

The study of right reasoning or valid inferences and the attending fallacies - formal and informal

Question 3

What is the simpler definition of logic

Answer 3

The use of reason as a tool to help create a good argument or to distinguish a good argument from a bad one

Question 4

What are the two branches of logic and how are they defined

Answer 4

Deductive- results in a conclusive result. Uses syllogisms

Inductive- only supports and does not prove the conclusion

Question 5

What is the different between truth and validity

Answer 5

Truth deals with whether the premises correspond to reality

Validity considers whether or not the logic involved in the argument is correct

Question 6

Can a bad argument be logically valid yet true?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Look at drawings

Answer 7

Cool

Question 8

What are the two ways of proving a hypothetical argument is valid?

Answer 8

The student could confirm the antecedent
The student could deny the consequent
If then argument

Question 9

What are the disjunctive syllogisms?

Answer 9

Either or statements

Question 10

List the logical fallacies

Answer 10

Ready go

Question 11

Straw man

Answer 11

Distorting an opponent’s position to make it weaker, and easier to attack

Question 12

Begging the question

Answer 12

The conclusion is a restatement of the premise. The argument contains the conclusion

“The Bible is true because it is God’s word.”
“I am an “A” student; I don’t deserve a B for this course”

Question 13

Poisoning the well

Answer 13

When the one who is speaking states a claim that would make anything else his opponent say seem foolish. Connecting the opponent’s conclusion to a weakness

“A fool says in his heart there is no God.” Why would you listen to anyone that is a fool?

Question 14

Red herring

Answer 14

Changing the subject

“My paper is nit that good, but I tried real hard”

Question 15

Post hoc

Answer 15

Chronological events are incorrectly connected as cause and effect

“Grandpa are oatmeal and then died an hour later”

Question 16

False dilemma

Answer 16

A question imposed, and only a limited number of answers are offered. Either or fallacy. Reducing the options to only 2 options

“Either I get a good grade or I lose my scholarship”

Question 17

Hasty generalization

Answer 17

When one person makes a conclusion based on too small sampling of a group

In response to getting a bad grade on an essay, he said, “whad’ya expect? I’m a physics major”

Question 18

Ad hominem

Answer 18

Attacking the arguer instead of the argument

“You gave me a bad grade because you don’t like me”

Question 19

Slippery slope

Answer 19

An if then statement with no casual connection

“If Vietnam falls to communism then all of Southeast Asia will be communist”

Question 20

Faulty analogy

Answer 20

Statement that just does not unite the two things being compared

“This paper is just as good as the ones that earned me As in high school”

Question 21

Logic

Answer 21

The use of reason as a tool to create a goodie funding or identity a bad one

Question 22

Deductive logic

Answer 22

Logic that argues from the general to specific and provides a conclusion

Question 23

Inductive logic

Answer 23

Argues from the specific to general and does not prove the conclusion

Question 24

Argument

Answer 24

Interconnected propositions that give evidence of a conclusion

Question 25

Argument vs arguing

Answer 25

Arguing is often irrational or emotional conflict

Question 26

Syllogism

Answer 26

A structured logical argument with premises and the conclusion

Question 27

Propositions

Answer 27

Sentence or statement

Question 28

Premise

Answer 28

The propositional statement of an argument

Question 29

Conclusion

Answer 29

The proposition is proven or supported in an argument

Question 30

Categorical syllogism

Answer 30

An argument with three propositions
2 are premises
One conclusion

Question 31

Hypothetical argument

Answer 31

If then statement requiring a logical argument between the antecedent and argument

Question 32

Valid

Answer 32

Affirming antecedent

Proven or supporter

Question 33

Invalid

Answer 33

Not proven or supported

Question 34

Disjunctive syllogism

Answer 34

Logical statements represent either or scenarios

Question 35

Informal fallacy

Answer 35

Unproven statements that are emotionally stirring

Question 36

Appeal to pity

Answer 36

Illogical argument that is emotionally moving. Sometimes called the sentimental appeal:

if you fail me it will ruin my life

Question 37

Self-refutation

Answer 37

A statement that makes its own propositions untrue.

“There is absolutely no absolute truth”

“as a skeptic I know that you have to be skeptical of all statements”

Question 38

Argument from silence

Answer 38

A statement is unsupported, yet anything might be possible.

“angels appeared to native Americans and gave the. The idea of the great sky spirit”

Question 39

Appeal to people

Answer 39

One argues that if you want to be accepted, you must accept the conclusion. And appeal to people’s need to be accepted or included

“choosy mothers choose Jif”

Question 40

Genetic fallacy

Answer 40

Confusing that origin of an idea with the logical reason for believing or disbelieving it.

“The current chancellor of Germany was in the hitter youth at age three”

Question 41

Non-sequitur

Answer 41

When the is no evident connection between the claim and the reason.

“If you loved me you would give me an a on this paper”

Question 42

Band wagon appeal

Answer 42

An appeal to the consensus of opinion as a validating claim.

“I submitted this paper before to other teachers and they gave me a better grade”

Question 43

Appeal to false authority

Answer 43

When an appeal is made to an authority that does not have the respect or credentials to have a respected opinion.

“My mother thinks this is an a paper”